Pedigree Chart

Pedigree male female Sex is unknown - affected or - affected O - A caviers (dd/half shading) - Deceased /dead Ifgen, II non identical 1 2 3 yourges twins eldest identicalton Autosomal receisive aa diseased consaginous Autoional dominant mating Autosomal characters both sexes have equal frequency recasive (aa) AAxaa (D) Infjected Aa no oneffected chance to stip generation cauies Aa heterozygas - -unaffected parents can produce affected progonies LAA 2/4ha 1/4 aa affected Bot in dominant, thereis no cauier concept affected produce affected children.

X linked nevelpastrain fallen to son. ecasive x"x if mother in cauies half of the sons will be affected. xay affected father all daughter will he cauliers. Y listed only males all sons of affected father will be affected dominant Ay father in affected all daughters affected Penalal & Post natal test HCG test ultrasonography Pregnancy associated Plasma Protein- A PAPP-A headsizefthody size -> cansay predict If factor have anyetromoome defects. defect HGHCGT & PAPP-A Amnicenteris amirotic fluid test & petoprote only after 15th - 18th neural tobe dejects. week Chorionic villos sampling be