Lecture Note
Is There an Atmosphere on the Moon
Is There an Atmosphere on the Moon?
Until recently, most everyone accepted the conventional wisdom that the moon
has virtually no atmosphere. Just as the discovery of water on the moon transformed our
textbook knowledge of Earth's nearest celestial neighbor, recent studies confirm that our
moon does indeed have an atmosphere consisting of some unusual gases, including
sodium and potassium, which are not found in the atmospheres of Earth, Mars or Venus.
It's an infinitesimal amount of air when compared to Earth's atmosphere. At sea level on
Earth, we breathe in an atmosphere where each cubic centimeter contains
10,000,000,000,000,000,000 molecules; by comparison the lunar atmosphere has less
than 1,000,000 molecules in the same volume. That still sounds like a lot, but it is what
we consider to be a very good vacuum on Earth. In fact, the density of the atmosphere at
the moon's surface is comparable to the density of the outermost fringes of Earth's
atmosphere where the International Space Station orbits.
What is the moon's atmosphere made of? We have some clues. The Apollo 17
mission deployed an instrument called the Lunar Atmospheric Composition Experiment
(LACE) on the moon's surface. It detected small amounts of a number of atoms and
molecules including helium, argon, and possibly neon, ammonia, methane and carbon
dioxide. From here on Earth, researchers using special telescopes that block light from
the moon's surface have been able to make images of the glow from sodium and
potassium atoms in the moon's atmosphere as they are energized by the sun. Still, we
only have a partial list of what makes up the lunar atmosphere. Many other species are
expected.
We think that there are several sources for gases in the moon's atmosphere. These
include high energy photons and solar wind particles knocking atoms from the lunar
surface, chemical reactions between the solar wind and lunar surface material,
evaporation of surface material, material released from the impacts of comets and
meteoroids, and out-gassing from the moon's interior. But which of these sources and
processes are important on the moon? We still don't know.
With the discovery of significant ice deposits at the moon's poles by NASA's Lunar
CRater Observation and Sensing Satellite (LCROSS) and Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter
(LRO) missions, and the discovery of a thin scattering of water molecules in the lunar soil
by the Chandrayaan X-ray Observatory, another fascinating possibility has captured
researchers' interest. The moon's atmosphere may play a key role in a potential lunar
water cycle, facilitating the transport of water molecules between polar and lower latitude
areas. The moon may not only be wetter than we once thought, but also more dynamic.
One of the critical differences between the atmospheres of Earth and the moon is
how atmospheric molecules move. Here in the dense atmosphere at the surface of Earth,
the molecules' motion is dominated by collisions between the molecules. However the
moon's atmosphere is so thin, atoms and molecules almost never collide. Instead, they
are free to follow arcing paths determined by the energy they received from the processes
described above and by the gravitational pull of the moon.
The technical name for this type of thin, collision-free atmosphere that extends all
the way down to the ground is a "surface boundary exosphere." Scientists believe this
may be the most common type of atmosphere in the solar system. In addition to the moon,
Mercury, the larger asteroids, a number of the moons of the giant planets and even some
of the distant Kuiper belt objects out beyond the orbit of Neptune, all may have surface
boundary exospheres. But in spite of how common this type of atmosphere is, we know
very little about it. Having one right next door on our moon provides us with an outstanding
opportunity to improve our understanding.
Among the goals of the Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer
(LADEE) are to determine the composition and structure of the tenuous lunar atmosphere
and to understand how these change with time, and as external conditions vary. LADEE's
measurements come at a key time: with increasing interest in the moon by a number of
nations, future missions could significantly affect the natural composition of the lunar
atmosphere.
Please or to post comments