Basis of Transportation Engineering

BASIS OF TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING 1. Describe the transportation system in macro terms. Answer: The macro transportation system is a transportation system which can include sub- systems in the micro transportation system that are interconnected and influence one another. Such as activity systems, network systems, and movement systems. The activity system arises due to efforts to fulfill needs. Someone will make a movement from the place of origin to the destination that provides the needs/something needed. Movement in the form of movement of people and/or goods clearly requires modes of transportation (facilities) and media (infrastructure) where these modes of transportation move. The required transportation infrastructure is a network system that includes a network system of roads, railways, bus and train terminals, airports and seaports. In other words, the movement system is a physical link between land use and human activities in society. The movement system aims to increase the capacity of infrastructure services. The interaction between the activity system and this network system results in the movement of people and/or goods in the form of movement of vehicles and/or people (pedestrians). This interaction is known as the movement system. The movement system is governed by good engineering systems (engineering arrangements) and traffic management. For the smooth interaction of activity systems, network systems, and movement systems, it is necessary to have an institutional system to regulate policies and enforce good law. The institutional system includes individuals, groups, institutions, 2. One of the widely used Transportation Planning Models in transportation planning is the Four Stages Transportation Planning Model. Describe the four stages in question. Answer: 1. Trip Generation Trip generation is a modeling stage that estimates the number of movements originating from a zone or use and the number of movements attracted to a zone or use. A zone or use referred to here can be a residential unit or part of a city area (area).

The types of trips (Trip Purpose) are usually in the form of:  Home-based work trip (home-office)  Home-based other  Non-home-based trip (other places) Estimation of the number of trip generation/attraction is carried out for a zone, according to the variable of the zone. The size of the Trip Generation is influenced by:  Land use intensity and development in the study area  Socio-economic conditions of the traveler  The capability and condition of the existing transportation system in the study area 2. Trip Distribution Trip distribution is modeling to see how traffic generated by an area is distributed. Is the direction of travel all towards one place or spread evenly. The factor that determines the Trip Distribution is the number of trips in the form of people, vehicles, and goods that occur between zones. At this stage of trip distribution modeling, the main goal is to form an Origin- Destination Matrix for the Generation/Attraction Value that has been obtained from the Trip Generation. Travel distribution can also be represented in the form of Desire Lines, which are lines that connect between zone centers on a map, with the thickness of the line indicating the magnitude of the movement. From here you can see visually which locations are crowded. 3. Split Mode (Type of Transport) The interaction between the two land uses can be done in two ways, the first is by using the telephone (or post) to avoid movement, and second, the interaction requires movement. In the second option, decisions must be made in terms of mode selection related to the type of transportation used. Mode split is the division of trips into modes of transportation, both private and public transport. In other words, mode split is the separation of trips based on the type of transportation. Broadly speaking, the mode of transportation is divided into 3 namely:  Land Transportation (Cars, Motorcycles, Buses, Trains)  Water Transportation (Ship, Boat)  Air Transport (Airplanes, Helicopters)

The factors that determine the Mode Split are the types of modes available in the study area and the choice of modes based on cost, convenience, and travel time. 4. Trip Assignment (Road Loading) In this case, mode and route selection is done together. For public transportation, the route is determined based on the mode of transportation. For private vehicles, it is assumed that people will choose their mode of transportation first and then their route. Like modal selection, route selection also depends on the shortest, fastest, and cheapest alternative, and it is also assumed that road users have sufficient information (eg about road congestion) so they can determine the best route. Also for setting the volume of traffic so that traffic does not accumulate on one road. Traffic volume on one road section can be diverted to another road section. This is to avoid to avoid traffic jams and avoid traffic jams. Origin Destination Matrix will be the input factor in this modeling. 3. Movement distribution (Origin Destination Matrix) in the future using the Gravity Model Big Revival Movement 10 years to come Zone 1 2 3 Oi 1 350 2 400 3 300 Dd 400 350 300 1050

Cost Matrix (Cid) Zone 1 2 3 Oi 1 10 12 33 2 23 10 45 3 25 13 10 Dd UCGR method Tid = Oi . Dd . Ai. BD . f(Cid) Ai = 1, for all i Bd = 1, for all d f(Cid) = Exp(-  cid) , Where  = 0.095 Zone 1 2 3 oi Oi Hey Ai 1 54143,7432 8 39177,83017 4567,47415 97889,0476 1 350 0.0035 8 1 2 17996,4373 8 54143,74328 1669,44585 73809,6265 1 400 0.0054 2 1 3 11161,7387 1 30537,65005 34806,6921 1 76506,0808 6 300 0.0039 2 1 dd 83301,9193 7 123859,2235 0 41043,6121 1 248204,754 99 Dd 400 350 300 105 0 Ed 0.00480 0.00283 0.00731 Bd 1 1 1 k= 0.00423 The results of the UCGR method after correcting the k factor Zone 1 2 3 oi Oi Hey Ai 1 229.04851 165.73704 19.32214 414.10770 350 0.8451 9 1

2 76.13174 229.04851 7.06239 312.24264 400 1.2810 6 1 3 47.21838 129.18581 147.24547 323.64966 300 0.9269 3 1 dd 352,39863 523,97137 173.63000 1050 Dd 400 350 300 105 0 Ed 1.13508 0.66798 1.72781 Bd 1 1 1 PCGR method Tid = Oi . Dd . Ai. BD . f(Cid) Bd = 1, for all d A1 = 1/[B1 . D1 . exp(-β C11) + B2 . D2 . exp(-β C12) + B3 . D3 . exp(-β C13)] A2 = 1/[B1 . D1 . exp(-β C21) + B2 . D2 . exp(-β C22) + B3 . D3 . exp(-β C23)] A3 = 1/[B1 . D1 . exp(-β C31) + B2 . D2 . exp(-β C32) + B3 . D3 . exp(-β C33)] fid = exp (-βCid) f(Cid) = Exp(-  cid) , Where  = 0.096 Zone 1 2 3 oi Oi Hey Ai 1 195.89978 141.75098 16.52577 354.176532 1 350 0.9882 08 0.003 62 2 98.89751 297.54119 9.17426 405.612958 6 400 0.9861 62 0.005 50 3 44.35731 121.35814 138.32353 304.038973 2 300 0.9867 16 0.003 97 dd 339,15460 560,65030 164.02356 1063,82846 4 Dd 400 350 300 105 0 Ed 1.17940 0.62428 1.82901 Bd 1 1 1

ACGR method Tid = Oi . Dd . Ai. BD . f(Cid) Ai = 1, for all i B1 = 1/[A1 . O1 . exp(-β C11) + A2 . O2 . exp(-β C21) + A3 . O3 . exp(-β C31)] B2 = 1/[A1 . O1 . exp(-β C12) + A2 . O2 . exp(-β C22) + A3 . O3 . exp(-β C32)] B3 = 1/[A1 . O1 . exp(-β C13) + A2 . O2 . exp(-β C23) + A3 . O3 . exp(-β C33)] fid = exp (-βCid) f(Cid) = Exp(-  cid) , Where  = 0.096 Zone 1 2 3 oi Oi Hey Ai 1 263.86354 111.97437 33.85358 409.69149 350 0.8543 01 1 2 87.70364 154.74853 12.37373 254.82591 400 1.5696 99 1 3 54.39550 87.27983 257,98307 399.65840 300 0.7506 41 1 dd 405.962678 7 354.0027305 304,210385 8 1064,17579 5 Dd 400 350 300 105 0 Ed 0.98531224 9 0.988692939 0.98615962 5 Bd 0.00487 0.00286 0.00741