ABA

7 demensons of ABA: GeT A CAB General Effective Technological Applied conceptually systematic Analync Benavioral Purposes For benavioral assessment: decide whether treatment IS necessary decide on best treatment Measurement treatment effect to determine effectiveness Indirect Assessment IMERVIEWS, quesnonaires, mating scales, surveys usually involves obtaining IND from caregivers Product measure does not measure the target behavior when it OCCURS, but relies on an individual's recall Direct Assessment Direct observation and recording of the target benavior as it occurs The observer (or recording) must be in close proximity to the person exhibiting the benavior. Observer must have a precise definition of the benavior. Direct assessment is usually more accurate than indirect.

Define Target Behavior describe what the person does or says (avoid labels) use active verbs conj., unampiguous) don't make inferences about internal states or internal States and MOTIVATION derine so that two observers would agree consider social validity Operational definitions 1. objectivity must refer to observable characteristics OF the behavior or events in the environment 2. clear must be ambiguous, that it could be read, repeated S paraphrased by an observer or someone unfamiliar wl the measure ; shouldn't require further explanation. 3. complete must outline the boundaries of the definition, defining which responses no include or exclude examples and nonexamples. Legistics of recording Observer: who should record? Se ting: when and where? independent observer Define observation periods professional observer settings may be observations mayles: natural environment observer natural structured . observation by video analoge unstructured self-monitor Selecting a recording method: recording methods indirect the behavior IS not measured directly (e.g interview, permanent product) direct continuous recording every occurence oF the behavior is measured. Frequency, duration, intensity, latency, inter-response time (IMT) percentage of opportunities. real time recording = duration + time

direct discontinuous recording not every occurrence of the behavior is measured (i.e. interval recording) Interval recording Frequency. within interval: record # occurrences OF the behavior during each interval whole interval: record whether the behavior occurs constantly throughout interval. partial interval: record whether the behavior at any point Catleast once) during interval momentary time sampling record whether the behavior is occuring at a specific moment in time. (discontinuous) Continuous Discontinuous Frequency percentage of opportunities whole interval duration frequency-withinrinterval partial interval intensity momentary time sampling inter response time Indirect Permanent product Recording instruments must be immediate i practical data sheel (paper pencils) hand held electronic device hand held frequency counter Physical activity recording device Stopwatch beads, coins, tears in paper Reducing reactivity sometimes the process of recording a behavior causes the behavior 40 change before any +veatment IS implemented. How do you minimize reactivity? wait until the person being recorded becomes accustom to the observer. wait until the Person becomes accustomed to self. monitoring record surreptitiously so that the person being observed IS unaware. Introobserver Agreement: calculate the "I. agreement between multiple independent observers. In research, collect IDA For .33% # agreements agreements + ⑉ disagreements x 100 % 10A

Experimental Design Chapter 3 purpose OF research in ASA: 40 evaluate the effectiveness OF a treatment. to demonstrate a functional relationship between environmental events and behavior. (i.e., snows that the environmental events or treatment caused the behavior to change) Research method 1. measure the dependant variable (target behavior) 2. Manipulate the independent variable (treatment) and demonstrate a change in target behavior 3. replicate 2 6 7 Treatment Baseline Treatment Components of a Line graph 5 1. horizontal AKIS/ x-axis 5. data points 3 s . 7. vertical axis/ aris 6 phase lines 3. Axis labels 1. phase labels 4 9. AXIS number Sessions 3 1. manipulate DV 100 High Low High Low High 2. manipulate the IV; DV changes ATT ATT ATT ATT ATT 3. replicate 75 50 Experimental Designs 25 Single Subject designs 0 individual serves as their own controls 0 5 10 15 Sessions repeat measures across time prediction, verification replication group designs Analyzed wl visual inspection control group higher external validity higher internal varidity Sometimes pre-test/ post-test repeated measures examination of each individual. prediction, verification, replication analyzed w/ interential statistics examinations ⑉+ the "average" individual

AB design baseline Ai Treatment 8 not experimental- why? A B no replication Barden follow-Jp doesn't demonstrate A functional relationship sometimes used in clinical practice i Self - management; but not ideal 1 5 1020 ABAB/reversal design B A Bab baseline A i treatments B demonstrate a Functional relationship N replication variations ABA, ABCA, etc. considerations I, Can treatment be removed? 7. is it estical to remove treatment? 3. what it the benavior doesn't reverse Multiple baseline designs AB designs across subjects, behavior, or senings treatment is staggard across subjects, behaviors, or settings demonstrate a functional relationship treatment is replicated behaver change. ONLY when treatment is placed. Alternate treatment designs also known as: multiple treatments; multiesement compare multiple treatment conditions ex: baseline vs treatment conditions are alternated ex: treatment A vs treatment B rapidly

Violent Cartinone No Cartoons 20 A demonstrates sunctional relationship when data paths septrate. : 0 2 4 6 8 11 12 14 16 18 20 Days changing criterson design baseline and treatment multiple performance criteria (goals) during treatment. demonstrates #unctional resanangnip when behavior matches criteria SINGLE SUBTET RESEARCH DESIGNS AB design alternating treatment design ABAB / reversal design changing criterion design multiple baseline design Graphs Show the level or behavior overrune make it easier to compare levels OF behavior before & after treatment are used in research practice to evaluate behavior change are used in research to demonstrate functional relations Properties of behavior change level: value on the verrical (y) axis around which A series of data points converge - trend: overall direction taken by the data path increasing / decreasing gradual/steep Refined variability: Frequency 1 degree to which multiple measures or behavior Stability yield different outcomes. data are considered to be stable indicative or our level of control when: level is similar to the last Few sessions over behavior NO trend FOR the last few Sessions varability is minimal for the last Few sessions Stability criteria should be quantifiable and

Chapter 4: Reinforcement Types of behavior Operant behavior response emitted controlled by consequences operant /instrumental conditioning learned "voluntary" respondent behavior refrexive benavity elicited by stimuli respondent classical 1 Paviovian conditioning unlearned "I involuntary" Operant behavior : controlled by consequence reinforcer: consequence that strengthens a operant behavior. History 04 operant conditioning: Thorndike LOMA of effect (1911) : something good more likely vise versa cat and puzzle CX periment skinner : reinforcement (1970s) History of Operant Behavior Thomake Low Effect(1911) Skinner

three term contingency Three-Term Contingency Three-Term Contingency Genetic endowment Phylogeny Learning Midory Ortagans Three-Term Contingency Antecedent Behavior Consequence antecedant : context discriminative Stimulus (SD) motivating operations (MO) behavior: responce consequence: -reinforcement (SR) - punishment (SP)

Behavioral Definitions detininons can be structural functional topographical what behavior does based on formal properties why the behavior OCCANS what me penaviox 10015 like response Glasses Operant classes an operant class contains manytopographically-aiferent behaviors that all produce the same consequence 'an operant class is defined functionally Deeining Keinforcement 1. behavior occurs 2. Results in a consequence 3 Behavior is more likely to occur. in the Future in similox situations. A B-o C SD , K- SK Reinforcement is devined by its execut on behavior. we cannot determine whether meinforcement occurred until we observe where the renavior increased In the nuture. This is a Functional detintion Effects on reinforcement increase in future probability it the behavior occurring under similar conditions increase in Frequency increase in whatever the reinforcer increase in duration is contingent on increase in intensity increase in quickness (decreased latency)

Terminology Reinforce a benavior, NOT a person Reinforcement is a process reinforcement is a description not an explaination Reinforcer is the stimilus that FOLLOWAS benavior. n reinforcer is reinforcing Operant Conditioning Stimulus Added Stimulus Removed Behavior : positive Negative reinforcement behavior increases reinforcement reinforce ment punishment behavior Benavior * positive negative positive added(+) decreases Punishment punishment negative: subtracted (-) Positive Reinforcement Negative reinforcement 1. Behavior Occurs reinforcer 1. Behavior Occurs aversive appetitive PainFul 2. Stimulus presented desireable 2. Stimulus removed unpleasant PleasarH annoying 3. Behavior increases valueable 3. Behavior increase Negative Reinforcement Escape 3 Avoidance escape response OCCURS after the aversive stimulus appears avoidance: responce OCCURS before the aversive Stimulus appears Escape Avoidance 1. aversive stimums occurs 1. Warming Stimulus OCCURS 2. benavior OCCUTS 2. Behavior occurs 3. Aversive Stimums IS removed 3. Aversive Stimum is Prevented or postponed.

Types of Reinforcers unconditioned VS conditioned VS generalized Primary VS secondary Intrinsic VS Extrinsic Social VS automatic Premack Principle some behaviors = high- probability behaviors (high-p) some individuals will engage in a low-p benavior for the opportunity to engage in a high-p benavior First (low-p) Then (high-p) Homework Playing Outside Effectiveness 0¥ keinforcement Immediacy more immediate consequences are more effective the longer the delay between the response and the reinforcer, the less effective the reinforcer will be. contingency a consequence only occurs