Answer Key
Name: Kolton Cooley Date: 09-10-2022 Student Exploration: Coral Reefs 2 – Biotic Factors Directions: Follow the instructions to go through the simulation. Respond to the questions andprompts in the orange boxes. [Note to teachers and students: This lesson was designed as a follow-up to the Coral Reefs 1 – Abiotic Factors lesson. We recommend doing that activity before trying this one.] Vocabulary: biotic factor, black band disease, invasive species, white band disease Prior Knowledge Questions (Do these BEFORE using the Gizmo.) In 1992, Hurricane Andrew left a wake of destruction through Florida. One victim of thestorm was a reptile-breeding facility. Over 900 Burmese pythons were set free, and todaythousands of pythons live in Florida. These pythons are an invasive species , or a harmful species not native to the region. 1. What impacts do you think the Burmese pythons might have on local ecosystems? They may put birds' lives in peril. 2. In general, why might ecologists be concerned when new invasive species arrive in an ecosystem? They alter the ecosystem's regular pattern or function. Gizmo Warm-up Like terrestrial environments, coral reefs can be damaged by invasivespecies. Reefs are also impacted by disease-causing bacteria, humans, andother biotic factors , or living parts of the ecosystem. In the Coral Reefs 2 – Biotic Factors lesson, you will explore how these factors affect coral reefs. 1. On the CONDITIONS tab, select Fishing . Set Net fishing to 50%. Click Advance year 10 times. What changes do you notice on the Coral reef tab? The fish are nearly all gone. 2. On the DATA tab, select every organism. What happens to the reef populations? Mostly all the fish enter a sharp decline. Reproduction for educational use only. Public sharing or posting prohibited. © 2020 ExploreLearning™ All rights reserved
Activity A: Fishing regulation Get the Gizmo ready: ● Click Return to original settings and Restart . ● On the CONDITIONS tab, check that Fishing is selected. Introduction: Fishing is a major part of many Caribbean economies. The yellowtail snapper and Nassau grouper are important food fishes. However, a lack of adequate regulation has led to overfishing in many areasand consequent damage to reefs. The goals of this activity are to observe the effects of overfishing anddetermine how much fishing the reef can withstand. Question: What are the effects of fishing on the reef ecosystem? 1. Describe: On the CORAL REEF tab, click on the stoplight parrotfish, queen angelfish, yellowtail snapper, and Nassau grouper. Describe what each of these fishes eat. Stoplight parrotfish: Algae Yellowtail snapper: crabs, shrimp, young fish and worms Queen angelfish: Sponges Nassau grouper: parrotfish, angelfish, snappers 2. Predict: Set Grouper to 70%. How do you think this level of fishing will affect the populations of the other fish in the simulated reef? Explain your reasoning. Due of overcrowding, the grouper's prey will become extinct. 3. Experiment: Select the DATA tab, and check that every species is selected. Click Advance year 10 times. Which fish populations increased, and which fish populations decreased? Increased-Sponges: Reduced catches of snapper, stoplight parrotfish, queen angelfish, and Nassaugrouper: Staghorn coral, boulder star coral, algae, long-spined sea urchins, hawksloh sea turtles, redlionfish, and crown-of-thorns starfish are among the species that are kept in good condition. 4. Explain: Why do you think the snapper population changed the way it did? The increased grouper all feed on snapper decreasing the population. 5. Predict: Click Return to original settings and Restart . Set Snapper to 70%. How do you think this will affect the other fish populations? Explain your reasoning. Some of the organisms population will go up because of the increased population of the snapper 6. Experiment: Click Advance year 10 times. What changes occur? The snapper population declined, while most of them rose and some remained close to their originalnumbers. Reproduction for educational use only. Public sharing or posting prohibited. © 2020 ExploreLearning™ All rights reserved
7. Explain: Explain the results of the last experiment. Why did the grouper, parrotfish, and angelfish populations rise? Why did the sea urchins decline? How did this affect algae? Due to fewer predatory creatures, the number of grouper, angelfish, and parrotfish increased. Therewere fewer sea urchins because more creatures were eating them. Because the population of thealgae's predator, sea urchins, is declining, the population of algae is able to grow. 8. Explore: Click Return to original conditions and Restart . Experiment with different levels of Net fishing . Net fishing kills all fish approximately equally. It also can damage delicate corals. For each experiment, runthe simulation for approximately 40 years to see the long-term effects on the reef. Summarize the results ofeach experiment in the table below. Net fishing level Results 20% A lot of coral is covered. There appears to be less fish and more coral, algae,urchins, and other sea life. 40% Coral and sponge cover is high. Seems to be even less fish. 60% The coral cover is average. There are a lot of sponges and hardly any fish. 80% The coral cover is average. High sponge cover. Fish have little variety. Algal cover isdense. 9. Draw conclusions: What level of net fishing can the model reef sustain? Explain. 151, the fish diversity and coral cover are both high, and the coral reef appears to be in excellent health. Reproduction for educational use only. Public sharing or posting prohibited. © 2020 ExploreLearning™ All rights reserved
Activity B: Disease Get the Gizmo ready: ● Click Return to original settings and Restart . ● On the CONDITIONS tab, select Disease . ● On the DATA tab, select every organism. Introduction: Corals are susceptible to many diseases, including black band disease and white band disease . Other reef animals are also affected by disease. For example, in 1983 a mysterious plague wiped out most of the long-spined sea urchins throughout the Caribbean. Question: How are reefs impacted by disease? 1. Observe: Select the CORAL REEF tab. Set the Black band infection rate to 100%. Click Advance year several times. Which coral appears to be affected, and what do you see? Boulder star coral and staghorn coral populations are declining 2. Predict: How do you think the reef will change when black band disease is present? The boulder star coral will decrease drastically 3. Observe: Click Advance year until you reach year 20. What changes do you see? Boulder star coral’s population has decreased drastically 4. Analyze: Look at the coral populations in the DATA tab. Why do you think the population of staghorn corals increased? They had more room to expand and have a larger population. 5. Observe: Select the CORAL REEF tab. Click Return to original settings and Restart . Set the White band infection rate to 100%. Click Advance year two times. What do you see? Staghorn coral decreases 6. Observe: Click Advance year to year 20. What changes do you see? Confirm your observations by viewing the DATA tab. increase while staghorn coral drastically decreases. Reproduction for educational use only. Public sharing or posting prohibited. © 2020 ExploreLearning™ All rights reserved
7. Set up the Gizmo: Click Return to original settings and Restart . Coral diseases often crop up in reefs that are already stressed by high temperatures, high nutrient levels, or low pH. To model these conditions,select Ocean conditions . Set the Ocean temperature to 29 °C and Ocean pH to 7.7. Then, select Land use and set Agriculture to 50%. Finally, select Disease and set the Black band infection rate and White band infection rate to 100%. Select the SUMMARY tab. What is the current coral stress level? 32% 8. Predict: How do you think stressed corals will respond to disease? They will all die out 9. Experiment: Click Advance year to year 20. How does the impact of disease in a stressed reef compare to the impact of disease in a healthy reef? (To make a direct comparison, run an experiment with the originalsettings and black and white band infection rates of 100%) Low coral cover, both black and white coral are affected by disease. Fish have little variety. a lot of algae.Low PH. Star coral and staghorn coral are no longer alive. 10. Predict: On the CONDITIONS tab, click Return to original settings and Restart . To model the die-off of long-spined sea urchins in 1983, set the Sea urchin infection rate to 90%. How do you think this will affect the reef? Sea urchins will disappear. 11. Experiment: Click Advance year to year 20. What changes occurred? The coral cover is average. There is sea urchin disease. Algal cover is dense. Much less fish and coral. 12. Infer: Parrotfish rely on corals for protection and shelter. Look at the parrotfish population over time. Why did the parrotfish population increase at first and then later decline? Algae growth raised the parrot fish population, but after consuming all of its prey, there was nothing left,therefore the population fell. Reproduction for educational use only. Public sharing or posting prohibited. © 2020 ExploreLearning™ All rights reserved
Activity C: Invasive species Get the Gizmo ready: ● Click Return to original settings and Restart . ● On the CONDITIONS tab, click Invasive species . Introduction: A native of the Pacific Ocean, the red lionfish were first observed in the Atlantic Ocean in 1985. Red lionfish are voracious predators and are well protected by their toxic spines. Today they have spreadthroughout the Caribbean. Question: How do invasive species affect reefs? 1. Predict: Select the Red lionfish checkbox. How do you think lionfish will affect the reef? Due to the harmful spines, the population of organisms will decline. 2. Observe: Select the SUMMARY tab. How many fish species are present on the reef? 432 3. Experiment: Click Advance year to year 20. What changes occur to the reef? Fish populations have generally declined. The coral cover is average. High sponge cover. Fish have littlevariety. The prevalence of lionfish 4. Observe: Look at the SUMMARY tab. How many fish species are present now? 176 5. Predict: How do you think the reef will react to a lionfish invasion if there are no sea urchins? All the populations will decrease 6. Experiment: Click Restart . On the CONDITIONS tab, select Disease . Set the Sea urchin infection rate to 100%. Click Advance year to year 20. A. How did the lack of sea urchins change the effectof lionfish on the reef? The number of lionfish increased dramatically. B. Explain these results. Other species' populations declined as a result ofthe urchins' decline, but not by enough to wipe outthe lionfish. Reproduction for educational use only. Public sharing or posting prohibited. © 2020 ExploreLearning™ All rights reserved
7. Predict: Click Return to original settings and Restart . On the CONDITIONS tab, select Invasive species and select the Crown-of-thorns starfish checkbox. The crown-of-thorns starfish is a native of the Pacific Ocean that has not invaded the Caribbean Sea—yet. A. What does the crown-of-thorns starfish eat? Coral B. How do you think the crown-of-thorns starfishwould affect Caribbean reefs? The absence of coral will result in a fall in thenumber of all organisms. 8. Experiment: Click Advance year to year 10. What happens? most populations are declining 9. Extend your thinking: Click Return to original settings and Restart . Many Caribbean reefs face multiple environmental and biological threats. You can use the Coral Reefs Gizmo to design your own experiment to see how a combination of factors affects the reef. You can also design an experiment to see how quickly areef recovers from a disturbance. In the space below, describe your question, experimental design, experimental results, and conclusions.Continue on additional pages if necessary. Question and hypothesis: What would happen to the coral reef if the black and white bandinfection rate isat 100%. Along with sea urchin rate? The entire coral reef will die out Experimental design: Infection rate for black band illness is 100%. Sea urchin, white band, 100% e Results: After considerable time, all species have disappeared, with the exception ofalgae. Conclusions: The population will eventually go extinct if the rate of sea urchins and whiteand black band infections is 100%. Reproduction for educational use only. Public sharing or posting prohibited. © 2020 ExploreLearning™ All rights reserved
Reproduction for educational use only. Public sharing or posting prohibited. © 2020 ExploreLearning™ All rights reserved
Coral Reefs 2 – Biotic Factors Gizmo Answer Key
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