Lecture Note
SNC2D Grade 10 Academic Science – Physics Optics Notes SNC2D Optics Review Light -is energy -made of light particles called photons -an electromagnetic wave -travels at a very high speed -travels in a straight line -does not need medium to be transmitted -properties of particles and EM wave (particle-wave duality) -study of light: OPTICS Medium: any physical substance through which energy can be transferred Radiation: method of energy transfer that does not require a medium, the energy travels atspeed of light Visible L i g h t : E M w a v e s t h a t t h e h u m a n e y e c a n s e e Electromagnetic Wave -a wave that has both electric and magnetic parts -does not require medium -travels at the speed of light -use electromagnetic spectrum to classify these light waves -visible spectrum is the continuous sequence of colors that make up white light -color sequence is the order of the rainbow (ROYGBIV, red being lower energy andincreasing towards violet) – lowest highest energy : r a d i o w a v e s , m i c r o w a v e s , infrared light , v i s i b l e l i gh t , U V l i g h t , x – r a y s , gamma rays Sources of Light
Indirect Light: non-luminous objects reflect luminous object’s light (ex. moon) Direct Light:luminous objects produce their own light (ex. sun) Types of Light Incandescent: heated materials produce light (ex. lightbulb, molten metals, stove element)Electrical Discharge: electrical current flowing through gas produces light (lightning, northernlights) Phosphorescent: materials called ‘phosphors’ absorb UV light from surroundings, STORE IT,emit energy as visible light (ex. glow in the dark toys) Fluorescent: materials absorb UV light then IMMEDIATELY release it as visible lightChemiluminescence: mixture of chemicals produce light (ex. glow sticks) Bioluminescence: chemiluminescence in living organisms (ex. jellyfish, e.coli, fireflies)Triboluminescence: light produced by friction (ex. lifesavers) LED (light emitting diode): electrical current flows through semiconductors (ex. newChristmas lights) The Ray Model -light travels in a straight line -light rays are the direction and straight path of the light -using light rays to see the path of light is called geometric optics -matter can be transparent (see behind clearly), translucent (some light passes, can’t seebehind clearly), or opaque (no light passes, matter absorbs light) Reflection -the bouncing back of light from any surface Images: a reproduction of an object through the use of light Mirror: a ny polished surface reflecting an image (has two parts:glass/reflective surface andreflective thin film/opaque side) Plane : f l a t Incident Ray: incoming ray that strikes the surface Reflected Ray: ray that bounces off reflective surface Normal: line perpendicular (90 degrees) to the mirror’s surface Angle of Incidence: angle between incident ray and normal
Angle of Reflection: angle between normal and reflected ray Laws of Reflection 1. The angle of incidence EQUALS the angle of reflection 2. The incident ray, reflected ray, and the normal all lie on the same plane Specular Reflection: -reflection on smooth shiny surface -series of parallel rays hit the surface, their reflected rays are also parallel Diffuse Reflection: -light shines on surface that is not perfectly flat -many incident rays and angles of incidence -reflected rays are also different A virtual image is one that is created by light from an apparent light source; it cannot beprojected on a screen because light does not arrive at or originate from the actual imagelocation. Images in Plane Mirrors -use the laws of reflection -distance from object to mirror is same as distance from image to mirror (image is located atsame distance but reversed) -object-image line is perpendicular to the mirror surface -extrapolate the rays of light from the eye -image is flipped horizontally and is in reverse order -this is called LATERAL INVERSION (180 degree rotation of an object) Properties of an Image SALT S: size of image (compared to object: same, smaller, larger) A: attitude of image (orientation compared to object: upright, inverted, laterally inverted L:location of image T: type of image; virtual, real Centre of Curvature (C): center of the sphere whose surface forms the mirror
Principal Axis: line going through the center of curvature and the center of the mirror Vertex (V): point where the principal axis intersects the mirror Focus (F): the single point where all light rays parallel to the principal axis will be reflected offthe mirror Concave Mirror (converging) -caves you in; inner surface/center of mirror bulges away from you Concave Mirror Rules: 1. Any ray traveling parallel to the principal axis is reflected through the focal point(STRAIGHT AND “F”) 2. Any ray traveling through the focal point (F) is reflected parallel to the principalaxis ( “F” AND STRAIGHT) 3. Any ray traveling through the center of curvature (C) is reflected back throughthe center of curvature (THROUGH “C”) Converging/Concave Mirrors Object Image Location Size Attitude Location Type beyond C smaller inverted between C and F real at C same size inverted at C real between C and F larger inverted beyond C real at F no image no image no image no image inside F larger upright behind mirror virtual
Convex Mirrors (Diverging) Same rules as Concave Mirrors 1. STRAIGHT AND “F” 2. “F” AND STRAIGHT 3.THROUGH “C” Focus (F) and center of curvature (C) is now behind the mirror as the VIRTUAL FOCUS -brain extrapolates the rays behind the mirror, where they appear to converge THE REFLECTED RAY CONTINUES BEHIND THE MIRROR AS A DOTTED LINE IMAGE IS ALWAYS UPRIGHT, SMALLER, BEHIND THE MIRROR, VIRTUAL Refraction -happens between 2 media/materials -light bends when it travels from one material into another Angle of refraction: the angle between refracted ray and the normal Rules for Refraction 1. Incident ray, refracted ray , and normal all lie on the same plane-incident andrefracted ray are on opposite sides of the line that separates the two media 2. Light bends TOWARDS the normal when the speed of light in the secondmediumDECREASES 3. Light bends AWAY from the normal when the speed of light in the secondmediumINCREASES Index of Refraction -the ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum to the speed of that medium 8 -Light travels the fastest in a vacuum [3.00×10 ] -Mediums slow down light because it contains higher index of refraction v = speed of light in given medium c = speed of light in vacuum n = index of refraction N=C/V -index of refraction can also be calculated using the sines of the angles: N=SIN<i/SIN<R Given→c=? v=? n=? Required → What to define? Analyze → Equation
Solve → Solve and answer Solution → Statement? The Critical Angle -angle of incidence that results in an angle of refraction of 90 degrees -lies at 90 degrees or along the boundary between the two media -the angle of incidence beyond which rays of light passing through a denser medium to asurface of a less dense medium are no longer refracted but totally reflected -when the angle of incidence increases past the critical angle, the refracted ray will no longerexit the medium and it will reflect into the medium (total internal reflection) Total Internal Reflection -situation when the angle of incidence is greater than the critical angle -occurs when: 1. light is traveling more slowly in the first medium than the second 2. the angle of incidence is large enough that no refraction occurs in the secondmedium,instead, the ray is reflected back into the first medium -n(1) must be greater than n(2) -refracted ray bends away from normal -eventually there is no refracted ray and only reflection Lenses -involve principle of refraction: light is refracted at the air to glass surface, travels through thelens and is then refracted again in the second air lens surface on the other side -different lenses are made with the curvature of the lens -can be drawn using ray diagrams or using the thin lens formula Optical Centre (O): point at the exact center of the lens Principle Focus (F): point on the principle axis of a lens where the light rays parallelconverge after refraction Secondary Focus (F’): equidistant to the principal focus bubt on the other side of the lens Converging Lens: parallel light rays converge through a single point after refraction or thelight, THICKEST IN THE MIDDLE, THINNEST AT THE EDGE F’ IS ON THE LEFT SIDE, SAME SIDE AS LIGHT SOURCE
Locating for Converging Lens & Diverging Lens -STRAIGHT AND F -F’ AND STRAIGHT -THROUGH O Diverging Lens: parallel light rays diverge after refraction from the lens, THINNEST INMIDDLE, THICKEST AT THE EDGE F IS ON THE LEFT SIDE, SAME SIDE AS ORIGIN LIGHT RAYS BEING REFRACTED THROUGH THE LENS ARE CALLED EMERGENTRAYS Thin Lens Equation (where the image is) f = focal length do = distance of the object di = distance of the image Magnification Equation (size of image) m = magnification hi = height of image ho = height of object Variable Positive Negative do (object distance) always never di (image distance) real image (opposite side of lens) virtual image (same side as lens) ho (object height) when upright/upward when inverted/downward hi ( image height) when upright/upward when inverted/downward f ( focal length) converging lens diverging lens M (magnification) upright image inverted image Human Eye Pupil: hole where light enters the eye
Iris: coloured ring of muscles that control the amount of light entering your eye by dilating orconstricting your pupil Cornea: c over on your eye that acts like lenses, directly over iris Lens: l ens is an actual hard lens, focuses light as it passes through your pupil Retina: made of light sensitive cells called photoreceptors, convert light to electrical signaltransmitted to brain Photoreceptors : rodandcones , d e t e c t l i g h t i n t h e e y e a n d t r a n s l a t e s i t t o ne r v e s i g n a l s s e n t t o t h e brain Optic Nerve: carries signals from retina to the brain to see Sclera: eye cover Vitreous Humor: white part of the eye, fluid filled sac Ciliary Body: muscles that control the shape of the lens, we focus by ACCOMMODATION: tosee objects that are closer our lens must get smaller and fatter, to see far our lens must betaller and thinner *The cornea and lens that focus the light entering our eyes produces an INVERTED imageon our retina. The brain takes the signal information and translates it to an UPRIGHT imagethat we can see* Hyperopia (far-sightedness) -you can’t focus on near objects but can focus on far objects -light rays would be focused on a spot behind the retina which is impossible so imagesbecome closer and blurry -CONVERGING lenses help correct the vision as it will cause theimage to focus on our retina, bends light rays so image will focus on retina Myopia (near-sightedness) -you can’t focus on far objects but can focus on near objects -light rays would be focused on a spot in front of the retina meaning the rays are diverging bythe time they hit the retina -DIVERGING lens can help correct vision as it will cause image to focus on our retina. bendslight rays to focus on retina Presbyopia -age related vision impairment due to loss of ye elasticity from ciliary body, lens stiffens andunable to accommodate easily
-images form behind the retina, difficult to focus on nearby objects Contact Lenses -placed on cornea of eye -shaped to correct near-sightedness or for cosmetics Colour Blindness -’color normal’ see images as combinations of RGB light -’color deficient’ have inactive rods and cones of a particular sensitivity for RGB light
SNC2D - Academic Science - Physics Optics Notes
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