Lecture Note
SNC2D Grade 10 Academic Science – Chemistry Notes Chemistry Study Notes Element: pure substance that cannot be broken down Period: row of elements on periodic table (SAME NUMBER OF ELECTRON SHELLS) Group: column of elements in periodic table with similar properties (SAME NUMBER OF VALENCE ELECTRONS) Alkali metals: the elements in the first column, most reactive (group 1) Alkaline earth metals: the elements in the second column, second most reactive (group 2) Halogens: elements in the seventeenth column, most reactive nonmetals (group 17) Noble gasses: elements in the eighteenth column, least reactive (group 18) Properties of metal: metallic, conductive, malleable, solid Properties of nonmetals: solid, gas, or liquid, brittle, dull, insulators Protons: positive, in nucleus, atomic number Electrons: negative, orbiting around nucleus, atomic number Neutrons: neutral, in nucleus, rounded atomic mass minus atomic number Atoms: electricallyneutral particle Ions: -charged particle that loses or gains electrons to have full outer orbit -metals lose electrons to become positively charged CATIONS -nonmetals gain electrons to become negatively charged ANIONS Ionic compounds: composed of anions and cations, conduct electricity and dissolve in water, metal loses electron while nonmetal gains Ionic bond: attraction of two oppositely charged ions, form between cation and anion, transfer or electrons Covalent bond : sharingelectronsbetwe w e e n t w o n o n m e t a l s , formsmolecule Molecular compounds: composed of molecules
Diatomic particles: elements that share a pair of electrons with the same element to reach stable octet (HOFBrINCl) Naming: Two Non-Metals (Molecular Binary Compounds): -use prefix system: 1=mono 4=tetra 7=hepta 10:deca 2=di 5=penta 8=octa 3=tri 6=hexa 9=nona -elements are written in order with the last element having an “ide” ending -ex: N2O4: DInitrogen TETRAoxide -NO REDUCING -IF FIRST ELEMENT ONLY HAS ONE, DO NOT USE “MONO” One Metal and One Non-Metal (Ionic Binary Compounds): -trend in charge numbers: I II III IV V VI VII +1 +2 +3 -/+4 -3 -2 -1 -for formula, write symbol for each element, metal first -write charge numbers as subscripts -switch the charge numbers -check if they can be REDUCED -ex. Ba2+, S2-; Ba2S2; BaS -ex. Al2O3: aluminum oxide Transition Metals (Multiple Charge Number Ionic Compounds) -metal has two or more charges (ex. Mercury) -use STOCK SYSTEM to show charge number of metal then the nonmetal ending in “ide” -do reverse-switcheroo to with the nonmetal and metal to determine which charge the metal has -ex. copper (II) fluoride is CuF2
-NO STOCK SYSTEM IF ELEMENT HAS ONLY 1 CHARGE (ex. Zn is only 2+) Polyatomic Ionic Compounds: Hydroxide: OH- Nitrate: NO3 – Chlorate: ClO3 – Carbonate: (CO3 ) 2 – Sulfate: (SO4 ) 2 – Phosphate: (PO4 ) 3 – Ammonium: NH4 + -keep polyatomic compounds as one unit, do not break them apart -use reverse switcheroo -anion is named according to polyatomic ion rather than the names of the individual elements-ex. Mg2+,(NO3)-; Mg1(NO3)2;Mg(NO3)2 Law of Conservation of Mass -in any given chemical reaction, the total mass of the reactants equals the total mass of the products, no new atoms are created and no atoms disappear -reason why we balance chemical equations Balancing Equations -use coefficients in front of elements to balance the number of elements of both sides of the equation -start by balancing the elements that occur only once on each side -keep polyatomic ions together as 1 unit -change “H2O” to “HOH” (one hydrogen, one hydroxide) -have list of atom/element count Types of Reactions Synthesis -two simple reactants combine to make a larger more complex product -A +B=AB -ex. zinc+sulfur=zinc sulfide (Zn+S= ZnS) *sometimes in a reaction of aqueous reactants, one of the products is insoluble and appears inthe solution as precipitate* Decomposition
-large compounds are broken down into two smaller compounds of elements -A B=A+B -ex. energy+water= hydrogen+oxygen (2H20= 2H2+O2) Single Displacement -one element replaces or displaces an element in a compound – A + B C = A C + B -ex. copper+silver nitrate= copper(II) nitrate+silver Double Displacement –two elements in different compounds trade places -A B+CD= AD+BC +-+-+–+ Complete Combustion -oxygen is plentiful -ONLY PRODUCTS: CO2 , H2O -hydrocarbon: any compound with H2, C, or O2 -ex. methane+oxygen= carbon dioxide+water -CH4+2O2=CO2+2H2O Incomplete Combustion -oxygen is limited -ONLY PRODUCTS: C, CO, CO2, H2O -ex. butane+oxygen=carbon dioxide+water+carbon monoxide+carbon (soot) -C4H10+5O2= 2CO2+5H2O+CO+C -Combustion reactions are always synthesis (element+oxygen=oxide) – e x o t h e r m i c : release heat – e n d o t h e r m i c : absorb heat Corrosion: metal corrosion brought on by interactions with environmental chemicals ACIDS (H): -neutralizes bases -all acids have “hydro” in front -are molecular
-tastes sour -turns blue litmus paper red -typically react with metals to produce hydrogen -react with carbonate to produce CO2 gas -conducts electricity (electrolytes) -solution made of ions (electrolytes) can conduct electricity -all acids have at least one hydrogen ion where they dissolve in water -chemical formula always begins with ‘h’ and is (aq) -BINARY ACIDS: CONTAIN 2 ELEMENTS (HF, HBr, HCl, H2S) -OXYACIDS: HAS POLYATOMIC IONS (HC2H3O2, HNO3, H2CO3, H2SO4, H3PO4) -THE HYDROGENS IN THE ACID ARE EQUAL TO THE VALUE OF THE CHARGE ON THE POLYATOMIC ION IN TERMS OF NUMBER. BASES (OH): -are ionic -metal oxides react with water to form a base -conduct electricity -tastes bitter -feels slippery -changes red litmus paper blue -are electrolytes but are made of ions many bases contain hydroxide or carbonate ions ex. NaOH, Ca(OH)2, NH4OH, Mg(OH)2, AL(OH)3, NaHCO3 Acid-Base Indicators -natural or synthetic materials change colour to detect if it is basic or acidic
The pH Scale -numerical scale from 0-14 -pH of 7 is neutral (ex, water) -pH of 0-7 is more acidic -pH of 7-14 is more basic -acids form H+ ions in a solution -bases have more OH than H+ which gives them their basic properties -concentration of H+ ions determines how acidic or basic a solution is, where it is on the pH (power of hydrogen) Neutralization -occurs when acid and base are mixed -product is a solution that is close to or is neutral (pH of 7) -PRODUCTS: WATER AND SALT (ANY IONIC COMPOUND) -SPECIFIC TYPE OF DOUBLE DISPLACEMENT REACTION Indicator Colour in Acid Colour in Base Bromothymol Blue Yellow Blue Phenolphthalein Colourless Magenta/Pink Litmus Red Blue *NON-METAL OXIDES (NMOA) MIX WITH WATER TO PRODUCE ACID* *METAL OXIDE (MOB) MIX WITH WATER TO PRODUCE BASE* Acid Precipitation -emission of NOx ( NO2 and NO, vehicle engines) and SO2 (burning fossil fuels) combine with water to form acids in the environment -freshwater is slightly acidic because of CO2 -harms fragile organisms and travels up food chain -goes into soils and washes away essential metal ions
-weakens trees -damage to steel structures, buildings, and monuments Buffering -buffering capacity: substance’s ability to resist changes in the pH level -limestone in soil hashigh buffering capacity Scrubbers -combustion gasses fed through scrubber tower -gasses showered through paste mixture of limestone and water -limestone paste absorbs combustion gasses and convert it to CaSO3 -remaining gasses continue up scrubber tower and are released -CaSO3 particles are removed when they fall down to bottom of the scrubber and can be converted to gypsum
Academic Science - Chemistry Notes
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