Lecture Note
University
Stanford UniversityCourse
MED 101 | Human AnatomyPages
2
Academic year
2023
larbi43100
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Development of digestive glands The digestive glands annexed to the digestive tract (liver and gallbladder, pancreas) derivefrom the endoderm of the primitive digestive tract by budding in the mesos. The secretorycells and excretory ducts of these organs differentiate from the endoderm while thesurrounding mesenchyme will give rise to the remainder of the walls and supporting tissue. 1. Liver development From the beginning of the 4th week, a budding appears on the ventral side of the distal endof the foregut which gives rise to the hepatic diverticulum. The endoderm proliferates in theventral midgut towards the septum transversum. It grows quickly and quickly occupies alarge part of the abdominal cavity. The endodermal cells of the distal part of the buddifferentiate into hepatocytes which will constitute, with the vascular primordia, the hepaticparenchyma and are at the origin of the intrahepatic bile ducts. The proximal part of the liverbud extends into the extrahepatic bile ducts and the bile duct which connect the gland to theduodenum. The liver is covered with peritoneum over its entire surface except in its upperpart in contact with the diaphragm. From the 4th week, the liver ensures a hematopoieticfunction, with blood stem cells developing in the surrounding mesenchyme. 2. Gallbladder At the end of the 4th week, budding appears on the underside of the common bile duct. Thisbud elongates and dilates to form the gallbladder, its proximal part thins to form the cysticduct which connects the gallbladder to the common bile duct. Bile synthesis begins in theliver at the 12th week, when the gallbladder, cystic ducts and common bile duct arepermeable, bile pigments are responsible for the coloring of the meconium. 3. Pancreas The pancreas derives from the development of two initial buds, originating from aproliferation of endoderm from the distal end of the foregut. The dorsal bud appears on the26th day in the dorsal mesoduodenum; a few days later, the ventral bud appears in theventral mesoduodenum, in the angle formed by the common bile duct with the duodenum.The endodermis gives rise to exocrine cells and excretory ducts, as well as to the variousendocrine cells of the islets of Langerhans. Initially dispersed in the parenchyma, these cellssubsequently come together in clusters to form the endocrine islands of the pancreas. At the5th week, the ventral bud rotates to the right around the duodenum to fuse posteriorly withthe dorsal bud. terminal ends in the duodenum at the level of the main papilla on its left wall(hepatopancreatic ampulla). Usually, fusion of the pancreatic buds is accompanied by fusion of the excretory ducts anddisappearance of the distal part of the excretory duct from the dorsal bud. The ventral budexcretory duct then drains the entire pancreas and takes the name of the main pancreaticduct. In approximately 10% of cases, the excretory duct of the dorsal bud persists and givesan accessory excretory route, the accessory pancreatic duct which opens into the duodenumat the level of the minor duodenal papilla, upstream of the main papilla.
Due to the rotations of the stomach and the significant development of the liver, there isadjoining of the mesoduodenum to the posterior wall of the abdomen then fusion with theperitoneum. The pancreas thus secondarily becomes a partially retroperitoneal organ.
Development of Digestive Glands
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