Lecture Note
University
Stanford UniversityCourse
MED 101 | Human AnatomyPages
1
Academic year
2023
larbi43100
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p {margin: 0; padding: 0;} .ft00{font-size:18px;font-family:Arial;color:#cc0000;} .ft01{font-size:16px;font-family:Arial;color:#37751c;} .ft02{font-size:16px;font-family:ArialMT;color:#000000;} .ft03{font-size:16px;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;} .ft04{font-size:16px;line-height:21px;font-family:ArialMT;color:#000000;} Development of the respiratory system 0 .Introduction The entire respiratory system develops from the respiratory diverticulum which derives fromthe primitive foregut at the fourth week of development. This endodermal diverticulum is theorigin of the epithelium which lines the lumen of the respiratory tract and the pulmonaryalveoli. The other constituents of the airways, such as pulmonary parenchyma, derive fromthe surrounding mesenchyme and vessels. The development of the respiratory systemextends throughout pregnancy and continues even beyond birth. 1. AIRWAY TRAINING 1.1. The respiratory diverticulum The respiratory diverticulum appears at the 4th week in the form of a groove from the ventralside of the pharyngeal intestine to its caudal part. This gutter, open posteriorly, separatesfrom the primitive intestine which gave rise to it due to the proliferation of two zones ofmesenchyme which are inserted between the two structures and progress in a caudaldirection. The outline then forms a rectilinear tube, blind at its caudal end, which remains incommunication with the cavity of the pharyngeal intestine through its cephalic end. Thiscommunication orifice becomes the laryngeal orifice, separated from the base of the tongueby the epiglottis. 1.2. Bronchial buds As soon as it becomes individualized, the respiratory diverticulum divides at its caudal endinto two buds, the right and left bronchial buds which will be at the origin of the main bronchiwhile the straight segment will be at the origin of the trachea. During the 5th week thebronchial buds will divide in turn but asymmetrically: on the left, the bronchial bud dividesinto two secondary bronchial buds which correspond to the future left lobar bronchi while onthe right the bronchial bud is at the origin of three buds which correspond to the future rightlobar bronchi. From then on, the lobar buds will be the site of successive divisions into two branches(dichotomous mode) which will give rise, between the 5th and 17th week, to bronchialelements whose caliber decreases as the divisions progress. This mechanism results in theformation of the entire airway from the lobar bronchi to the bronchioles (17th order divisions),although with frequent individual variations. Incidentally, the last divisions can occur beyondbirth. 1.3. The walls of the airways The walls of the airways result from the differentiation of the mesenchyme in contact with thetips of the buds due to a reciprocal endoderm/mesenchyme induction mechanism. Thisdifferentiation is at the origin of the constituents of the walls: connective, muscular andcartilaginous tissues which will take on different aspects depending on the bronchial caliber.
Development of the Respiratory System
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