Lecture Note
University
Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyCourse
Multivariable CalculusPages
1
Academic year
2022
Sporkz
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13
p {margin: 0; padding: 0;} .ft00{font-size:20px;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;} .ft01{font-size:18px;font-family:ArialMT;color:#000000;} .ft02{font-size:20px;font-family:CambriaMath;color:#000000;} .ft03{font-size:14px;font-family:CambriaMath;color:#000000;} .ft04{font-size:18px;line-height:23px;font-family:ArialMT;color:#000000;} .ft05{font-size:14px;line-height:19px;font-family:CambriaMath;color:#000000;} .ft06{font-size:18px;line-height:22px;font-family:ArialMT;color:#000000;} Differential of f(x,y,z) Let f(x, y, z) be a function of three variables. If we want to find the differential dx, dy,or dz of f at point (x, y, z), we can input the values for x and y into the equation df =f(x + dx, y + dy, z + dz). 𝑑𝑓 = 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑓 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑓 𝑧 𝑑𝑧 You might want to review the other notation, partial f, partial x, dx plus partial f, partialy, dy plus partial f over partial z, dz. 𝑑𝑓 = 𝑑𝑓𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑓𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑑𝑓 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧 This object is called a differential. It is not a number. It is not a vector. It is not amatrix. Differentials have their own set of rules, and we must learn how tomanipulate them.First of all, it is important to take into account the difference between delta f (∆f) anddf when thinking about these phenomena. 𝑑𝑓 𝑖𝑠 𝑁𝑂𝑇 Δ𝐹 So that thing is a number. It's going to be a number once you have a small variationof x, a small variation of y, and a small variation of z. These are numbers. Delta x,delta y, and delta z are actual numbers. And this becomes a number. Inmathematical equations, all you can do with a differential is express it in terms ofother differentials. So in fact, this dx, dy, and dz are the differentials of x, y, and z. Soin fact, you can think of these differentials as placeholders where you will put otherthings. For example, they represent changes in x, y, z and f. One way to explain it is to say that they represent infinitesimal changes. Another wayto say it is that these things are placeholders for values and tangent approximations. So, for example, if we replace these symbols with delta x, delta y, and delta znumbers, then we will actually get a numerical quantity. That quantity is called thelinear approximation or tangent plane approximation for f. The first thing that differential equations do is encode how changes in x, y, and zaffect the value of f. The most general answer to what a differential equation is—arelation between x, y, and z and f. In particular—this is a placeholder for smallvariations like delta x, delta y, delta z—to get an approximation formula which isapproximately equal to delta f is equal to f sub x delta x plus fy delta y plus fz delta z. 1. 𝐸𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑑𝑒 ℎ𝑜𝑤 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 𝑎𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑓. 2. 𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 Δ𝑥, Δ𝑦, Δ𝑧 𝑡𝑜 𝑔𝑒𝑡 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑥. 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 Δ𝑓≈𝑓 𝑥 Δ𝑥 + 𝑓 𝑦 Δ𝑦 + 𝑓 𝑧 Δ𝑧 However, this one appears to be equal to that one, although the two values areactually not exactly the same.
Manipulating Differentials for Multivariable Equations
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