Lecture Note
University
Indiana University South BendCourse
MATH-A 100 | Fundamentals of AlgebraPages
4
Academic year
2020
Rose G
Views
26
Math A-100 IUSB Sec. 1.5 Notes – Week 1 Multiplying fractions – no need to change them, because you are finding a “ part ” of another “ part ” . You have two options: a) You can “ multiply across the top ” (i.e. multiply the two top numbers) and “ multiply across the bottom ” (i.e. multiply the two top numbers), then reduce the fraction. Example: 3/8 x 6/11 = ? 3 x 6 = 18 and 8 x 11 = 88, giving you: 18/88 which reduces to 9/44 b) You can “ cross cancel ” (a.k.a. “ cancelling ” ) the fractions – compare ( not multiply ) the top of one with the bottom of the other fraction to see if they reduce, to make the numbers smaller before multiplying. Example: 3/8 x 6/11 = ? Nothing goes into both 3 & 11, but 2 goes into both 8 & 6, so take 2 out of each: 3/4 x 3/11 = 9/44 which does not reduce Multiplying whole numbers & fractions – make the whole number into a fraction by putting “ 1 ” in the bottom (because 5/1 = 5, it does not change the number at all). Now you have two fractions, so you can multiply them as above. Example: 3/8 x 7 = ? Becomes 3/8 x 7/1 21/8 NOTE : MyMathLab ’ s directions often ask for “ simplified ” fractions . An improper fraction like 21/8 is a simplified fraction, so the answer is correct (i.e. it is okay to use improper fractions). If you give MyMathLab a mixed number or a decimal answer when it asks for a “ simplified fraction ” then it will mark your answer wrong for not following the directions . Dividing fractions – instead of dividing, we flip the second fraction upside down and multiply the fractions instead. The new “ flipped ” fraction is called the “ reciprocal ” . Example 1: 3/8 divided by 6/11 = ? Flip 6/11 to become 11/6 ( the reciprocal ) and multiply instead 3/8 divided by 6/11 becomes 3/8 x 11/6 = 33/48 which reduces to 11/16
Example 2: 3/8 divided by 7 = ? Make 7 into 7/1, and flip it to become 1/7 ( the reciprocal ) and multiply instead 3/8 divided by 7 becomes 3/8 x 1/7 = 3/56 which does not reduce NOTE: Why does this work? Think of it this way: 1 dozen divided by 2 = 6 ½ of a dozen = ½ x 1 dozen = 6 2 = 2/1, so dividing by 2/1 is the same as multiplying by 1/2 Adding or subtracting fractions – to add fractions, we are adding parts together to see how many total we have (or have left). In order to do that, all the parts must be the same size . i.e. the bottom numbers MUST be the same. So, we need to change each fraction into a form with the same bottom number. Example 1: 3/8 + 7/10 = ? the bottoms are not the same, so the “ parts ” are not all the same size. Both 8 and 10 can be changed into size 40 (or 80 if you like): 8 x 5 = 40 and 10 x 4 = 40 So make 3/8 into (3 x 5)/(8 x 5) = 15/40 and make 7/10 into (7 x 4)/(10 x 4) = 28/40 Now we have 15 pieces that are size 40 and 28 pieces that are size 40 , giving us a total of 15 + 28 = 43 pieces that are size 40 , which can be written as 43/40 Example 2: 1/4 + 7/10 = ? the bottoms are not the same, so the “ parts ” are not all the same size. Both 4 and 10 can be changed into size 20 (or 40 if you like): 4 x 5 = 20 and 10 x 2 = 20 So make 1/4 into (1 x 5)/(4 x 5) = 5/20 and make 7/10 into (7 x 2)/(10 x 2) = 14/20 Now we have 5 pieces that are size 20 and 14 pieces that are size 20 , giving us a total of 5 + 14 = 19 pieces that are size 20 , which can be written as 19/20 NOTE : you can subtract fractions the same way , except you will subtract instead of adding once the parts have the “ same size ” Questions with multiple things going on, a.k.a . Order of Operations First off, there is no such thing as the Order of Operations , because there is no 1 set order that works in every question. Each question must be taken on a case-by-case basis. Forget all about PEMDAS, because it is a lie. Here are some things to think about and why we handle them earlier than other things:
Exponents – they are simply short-hand, numbers with exponent are NOT REAL numbers, so we have to find out what the REAL number is Absolute values - |__| is not a real number either, so we need to find out what the real number is before we can go on Square roots - __ is also not a real number, so we need to find out what the real number is before we can go on Parentheses – they are like a “ bag ” containing a single value. We have to find out what that single value is BEFORE we can go on Multiplying – this represents “ groups of ____ ” . We need to find out how many total pieces you have Dividing – this represents breaking something up into smaller groups, so we need to find out how many are in each smaller group before we go on Adding – we need to know how many we have before we can add more to it Subtracting - we need to know how many we have before we can take some away from it. Example 1: simplify: 7 – 4(5 + (6 – 3 2 ) 2 ) Steps: 3 2 is not a real number, so find out what that real number is and replace it 3 2 = 9 replacing it gives us 7 – 4(5 + (6 – 9) 2 ) (6 – 9) is a package, so find out what single value is it and replace 6 – 9 = -3 replacing gives us 7 – 4(5 + (-3) 2 ) (-3) 2 is not a real number, replace it (-3) 2 = (-3)(-3) = 9 replacing it gives us 7 – 4(5 + 9) (5 + 9) is a package, so replace it 5 + 9 = 14 replacing it gives us 7 – 4(14) you now have 4 groups of 14, find the total and replace it 4(14) = 56 replacing it gives us 7 – 56 -49 Example 2: simplify: (-13 – 5)/6 - 2(-4 + 9) Both (-13 – 5) and (-4 + 9) are packages, so replace them -13 – 5 = -18 and -4 + 9 = 5 replacing gives us
(-18)/6 – 2(5) -18/6 is breaking it up into groups, so replace it -18/6 = -3 replacing gives us -3 – 2(5) 2(5) mean 2 groups of 5 so replace it 2(5) = 10 replacing gives us -3 – 10 -13
Fraction Operations: Multiplying and Dividing Fractions
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