Lecture Note
WORK, ENERGY, AND POWER 4.2 | SCIENCE | QUARTER 04 2023 WORK ● The product of the forceapplied to move an object andthe displacement in the direction of that force. ● The measure of how a force iscapable of moving an object,or in causing a displacement. Calculating Work ● To calculate work W, we multiply the force F by the displacement d W = Fd ● Displacement is a measure of how far (distance) an objectmove while considering thedirection of motion. ANALYZING AND CALCULATING THEWORK DONE BY A FORCE: 1. You must know the direction of the force. 2. You must know the direction of motion relative force. Is itparallel to the force? Is itperpendicular to the force? Is itan angle with respect to theforce? 3. Work may either be negative, zero, or positive. 4. The unit of work is newton x meter (N x m ), also known asjoule (J), named in honor of theBritish physicist, James Prescott Joule. 1 N x m = 1 J 5. When centimeter-gram-second(CGS) units are used, the unitwork is erg. 1 dyne x cm = 1 erg ENERGY ● The capacity to do work. ● It takes energy to be able to dowork. Energy of moving bodies is called mechanical energy ● Kinetic energy ● Potential Energy KINETIC ENERGY (KE) — energy of motion ● To calculate the kinetic energyK or KE of an object, we usemass m and speed v in theformula Reviewer by: Khasandra Chloe S. Serrano 1
WORK, ENERGY, AND POWER 4.2 | SCIENCE | QUARTER 04 2023 In equation form… K.E = ½ mv² ● The units of work and energyare the same RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WORK AND ENERGY ● If the work is positive, itincreases the kinetic energy ofthe object ● If the work is negative, itdecreases the kinetic energy ofthe object. ● If the work done is zero, it hasno effect on the kinetic energyon the kinetic energy of theobject. It neither adds or takesaway energy from it. ● To sum up, we say that thetotal work done on an object isequal to the change (represented by the symbol ordelta) in its kinetic energy, or inequation form: W = ∆ K ● This is known as the work-energy relationship or the work-energy theorem POTENTIAL ENERGY — the energy of position or configuration Two Types: Gravitational potential energyElastic potential energy Gravitational Potential Energy (GPE) • the energy stored because ofelevation (or vertical height) • It is given by the equation: Ug = mgh Where:• m is the object’s mass• g is the acceleration due to gravity(9.8 m/s2)• h is the height. • SI unit of GPE is joule (J)• For any given mass, gravitationalpotential energy is higherwhen the position is higher.• An object with potential energy mayor may not be moving.Thus, any object which has gravitational potential energy cando work when allowed to fall. Reviewer by: Khasandra Chloe S. Serrano 2
WORK, ENERGY, AND POWER 4.2 | SCIENCE | QUARTER 04 2023 Elastic Potential Energy (EPE or Ue) • In physics, an elastic object has tofulfill an important requirement: beable to return to its original shape andsize. • Hooke’s law, which states: Within the elastic limit, the forceapplied to stretch or compress aspring is directly proportional to thechange in its length. • In equation form, Hooke’s law lookslike this: F = kx Where: F is the applied force; X is the change in length; and k is the force constant • When you stretch a spring, you aredoing work on it and storingpotential energy. The elastic potentialenergy is given theequation: U = ½ k∆x² U = elastic potential energyk = spring constant∆x = change in position • The unit of EPE is joules or erg. CONSERVATION OF ENERGY • Energy is not something manufactured by source; it has to beconverted from something into auseful form. Conservation of Mechanical Energy • mechanical energy can be converted between kinetic and potential Law of Conservation of Energy (LCE) • perfect handover from one form ofenergy to another• “Conservation” - involves a quantitythat remains the same even asother quantities change “Energy can neither be created nordestroyed. It can only be convertedfrom one form to another.” POWER • From the definition of power, we canwrite the equation as: P = W t where W is the work done in joules and Reviewer by: Khasandra Chloe S. Serrano 3
WORK, ENERGY, AND POWER 4.2 | SCIENCE | QUARTER 04 2023 t is the time it takes in seconds. Thethe resulting unit is the joule persecond (J/s) or watt (W). • Recall that work is given as W = Fd. Ifwe substitute this to the expression ofpower, we get: P = Fd T = F x d t • Knowing that d/t is the averagespeed (or actual speed if it is uniform),then we can also calculate powerusing the equation: P = Fv where v stands for the average speed. • A powerful machine can pull or pushharder and can movethings faster. • The human body can be considereda machine, convertingenergy and doing work. • Electrical appliances have powerratings, too. This is related tohow fast the device can convertenergy. Reviewer by: Khasandra Chloe S. Serrano 4
Work, Energy And Power
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