Lecture Note
VIROLOGY DNA VIRUSES OUTLINE • DNA Viruses o In General o Virus Families o Adenoviridae o Parvoviridae o Papovaviridae o Poxviridae o Herpesviridae o Hepadnaviridae • DNA VIRUSES IN GENERAL • Viral genomes contain information which: o ensures replication of viral genomes o ensures packaging of genomes into virions o alters the structure and/or function of the host cell to a greater or lesser degree • General Rule o All are ds-DNA, Except: Parvovirus o All are icosahedral, Except: Poxvirus(COMPLEX) o All are enveloped, Except: Papovavirus, Adenovirus, Parvovirus o All multiply in nucleus, Except: Poxvirus (cytoplasm) o Largest is Poxvirus while smallest is Parvovirus VIRUS FAMILIES Virus Family Envelope Present Capsid Symmetry Size Specific Pathogenic Viruses Hepadnaviridae E Icosahedral 42 nm Hepatitis B Virus Herpesviridae E Icosahedral 150-200 nm Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV) Cytomegalovirus Epstein Barr Virus Poxviridae E Complex 230-300 nm Smallpox Vaccinia Parvoviridae N Icosahedral 18-20 nm B19 Papovaviridae N Icosahedral 45-55 nm Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) BK polyomavirus JC polyomavirus Adenoviridae N Icosahedral 70-80 nm Adenovirus ADENOVIRIDAE • These are naked icosahedral viruses with double stranded linear DNA • Can cause a variety of upper and lower respiratory tract diseases like pharyngitis, conjunctivitis and pneumonia • May cause gastroenteritis in children • MOT - droplets, the fecal-oral route or fomites PARVOVIRIDAE • Very small naked viruses, with single stranded linear DNA • B19 virus causes FIFTH DISEASE or ERYTHEMA INFECTIOSUM • B19 virus replicates in immature erythroid cell • slapped cheek rash PAPOVAVIRIDAE • these are naked viruses with double stranded circular supercoiled DNA • PAPOVA is an acronym for Papilloma, Polyoma and Vacuolating Viruses • Papilloma ( HPV) • Polyoma ( BK virus and JC virus ) • Vacuolating Virus ( Simian Vacuolating virus ) • Human Papillomavirus (HPV) o HPV-1 - Plantar Warts o HPV-2 and 4 - Warts of the Hand o HPV-6 and 11 - Genital Warts o HPV 5 and 8 - Epidermodysplasia verruciformis o HPV 13 and 32 - Hecks’s Disease o HPV-16 and 18 - Cervical Cancer o HPV-16 - Subset cancer of oropharynx and penile cancer in men o HPV 41-42 -Genital Warts o HPV 3, 10 - Flat cutaneous warts o HPV 6,11,42,43,44, 55 and more - Anogenital warts
POXVIRIDAE • These are the largest, brick shaped or ovoid viruses, envelope has an unusual appearance. • The most complex of all viruses • Small Pox Virus – also called Variola Virus, the agent of small pox • Vaccinia Virus • Molluscum Contagiosum – causes small , pink, wart like benign tumors of the skin, seen on genitals or body extremities HERPESVIRIDAE HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS ( HSV1 & HSV2) • these are enveloped viruses with double stranded linear DNA • generalities about herpesviridae: o they can develop a latent state o cytopathic effect o herpesviridae are held at bay by the cell mediated immune response • Herpes Simplex Virus 1 (HSV-1) – cause acute gingivostomatitis, recurrent herpes labialis/cold sore or fever blisters, keratoconjunctivitis, encephalitis • Herpes Simplex Virus 2 (HSV2) – causes genital herpes, neonatal herpes, aseptic meningitis • HSV -1 is transmitted via respiratory secretions and saliva while HSV-2 is transmitted thru sexual contact, perinatal infection • Specimen for diagnosis: lesions or conjunctival scrapings • Direct examination of virus can be made by: EM, PAP’s smear, DFA, Indirect Fluorescence • Serologic tests not helpful because antibodies against HSV-1 and 2 cannot be differentiated and uninfected individuals may possess the antibody • HHV-6 – known to infect T-lymphocytes; may cause EXANTHEM SUBITUM or ROSEOLA also known as 6th DISEASE VARICELLA –ZOSTER VIRUS • Causes chicken pox • Zoster can cause Shingles • Transmitted by : a) respiratory droplets b) direct contact with lesions • Diagnosis is made based on clinical signs CYTOMEGALOVIRUS (CMV) • Causes cytomegalic inclusion disease in neonates • It is also the cause of pneumonia in ummunocompromised patients and heterophile negative mononucleosis • Transmitted by a variety of modes : a) across the placenta and in mother’s milk b) via the saliva in young children c) transmitted sexually d) blood transfusion and organ transplant • Repeated contact with the virus is necessary for infection • The virus can remain latentin WBC’s, endothelial cells and other organs • May reveal the characteristic “ owl eye’s “ appearance EPSTEIN BARR VIRUS • Causes infectious mononucleosis, associated with Burkitt’s lymphoma, other B-cell lymphomas and nasopharyngeal carcinomas • Infects mainly lymphoid cells • Transmitted by exchange of saliva, causes “kissing disease mononucleosis” • Diagnosis is based on 2 approaches: o hematologic approach o immunologic approach ▪ heterophile antibody test ▪ monospot test ▪ EBV specific antibody test HEPADNAVIRIDAE VIRAL HEPATITIS • RNA Viruses : Hepatitis A Virus ( HAV ) ; Hepatitis C Virus ( HCV ) ; Hepatitis D Virus ( HDV ) ; Hepatitis E Virus ( HEV ) ; Hepatitis E Virus ( HEV ) • DNA Virus : Hepatitis B Virus ( HBV ) • Transmission : Remember the code “ ABCDE “ • Types of Viral Hepatitis : o acute o chronic • Disease states caused by HBV: o Acute hepatitis o fulminant hepatitis o Chronic ( asymptomatic carrier ; chronic persistent hepatitis ; chronic active hepatitis) o Co-infection with HEPATITIS DELTA VIRUS ( HDV ) • Complication of viral hepatitis : PRIMARY HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA SEROLOGY OF HEPATITIS B HBsAG Anti- HBsAG HBeAG Anti- HBeAg Anti-HBcAG Acute HBV + - + - IgM Chronic HBV with High Infectivity + - + - IgG Chronic HBV with Low Infectivity + - - + IgG Recovery - + - + IgG Immunized - + - - - • Prevention and Treatment o serologic test on donor blood o active immunization o anti-viral agents for Tx of chronic or persistent HBV infection o anti-HIV drug Lamivudine o Treatment with interferon alpha HEPATITIS A VIRUS ( HAV ) • Has a naked icosahedral capsid with single stranded RNA; belongs to Family PICORNAVIRIDAE • Transmitted by the fecal oral route • Hepatitis A has a 15-40 days incubation period before the patient develops acute hepatitis
• Young children are the most frequently infected but with milder course than adults • Death from HAV is very rare • HAV capsid is antigenic, so anti-HAV IgM and anti-HAV IgG is often produced by the patient • Serology of Hepatitis A IgM anti-HAV IgG anti- HAV Acute Infection + - Old Infection ( immune to HAV ) - + Incubation or No Infection - - HEPATITIS C VIRUS ( HCV ) • Transmitted parenterally • An enveloped icosahedral RNA virus • Causes acute & chronic hepatitis in a similar manner as HBV • Should be called HEPATITIS CIRRHOSIS VIRUS HEPATITIS D VIRUS ( HDV ) • An RNA virus transmitted parenterally and can replicate only with the help of HBV • The delta virus helical nucleocapsid actually uses HBV’s envelope, HBsAG. • Infection occurs in 2 ways: • Co-infection • Superinfection • Serology is not very helpful for diagnosis ADDITIONAL NOTES REPLICATION OF DNA VIRUSES PARVOVIRUSES • Diameter:18-26nm • Cubic symmetry • No envelope • ss DNA • Genome size: 5.6kbs • eg.Human parvovirus B 19 POLYOMAVIRUSES • Diameter: 40nm • Cubic symmetry • no envelope • ds DNA • Genome size:5kbs • eg. SV40, may cause tumors PAPILLOMAVIRUS • Similar to polyomaviruses • Diameter: 55nm • Genome size: 6.8 - 8.4kbs o (larger than polyomaviruses) • In humans: May cause warts and genital cancers. • Eg. Human Papaillomavirus (HPV) HERPESVIRUSES • Diameter:150-200nm • Cubic symmetry • enveloped • ds DNA • Genome size: 125 - 240kbs • eg. Varicella-zoster virus (chicken pox and measles), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and cytomegalovirus (CMV)
ADENOVIRUS • 47 types infect humans • Diameter:70-90nm • Cubic symmetry • no envelope • ds DNA, • Genome size: 26 - 45kbs • Cause acute respiratory disease, conjunctivitis and gastroenteritis HEPADNAVIRUSES • Diameter: 40-48nm • Icosahedral • enveloped • ds DNA • Genome size:3.2kbs • Causes acute chronic hepatitis ~ high risk of developing liver cancer POXVIRUSES • Brick-shaped or ovoid • Size: 220-450nm long x 140-260nm wide x 140-260nm thick • Enveloped • ds DNA • Genome size:130-375kbs (large!) • Produce skin lesions eg. Small pox and vaccina virus • •
Virology - 02 DNA Viruses
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