Lecture Note
VIROLOGY INTRODUCTION TO VIROLOGY OUTLINE • Introduction to Virology o Virus o Virion o Groups of Virus based on Arrangement o Measuring the Size of the Virus • Classification of Virus o Basis of Classification of Virus o Criteria for Virus Classification o Steps of Infection • Prions o Prion o Types INTRODUCTION TO VIROLOGY VIRUS • Intracellular organisms unable to reproduce itself outside the host cell • Haploid except for retrovirus • Energy less; do not multiply by binary fission • Size ranges from 20-200 nm STRUCTURE • The entire infectious unit is the virion ; internal core is the genome containing genetic material either RNA or DNA; • Capsid protein coat surrounds the genome • Subunits of capsid are called capsomeres (icosahedral, helical or complex) • Some are with envelope; those without envelope are classified as naked. MODE OF TRANSMISSION • Droplet infection • Airborne • Ingestion • Direct contact • Insect borne/arthropod borne • Direct inoculation • Transplacental RESISTANCE OF VIRUSES • Resistant to antimicrobials, antibacterials • More resistant to antibiotics than bacteria but sodium hypochlorite, formaldehyde and dilute HCL are efficient • Can survive long periods at -70degC when freeze dried. Killed with moist heat but are somewhat resistant to dry heat • UV and XRAY irradiation inactivates viruses • Chloroform and ether will inactivate viruses that have lipid envelope VIRION • infectious unit • complete viral particle PARTS OF VIRION • Capsid - Protein shell or coat that encloses the nucleic acid genome that is built of structural units of a virion • Nucleic Acid - DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) or RNA (ribonucleus acid) • Nucleocapsid - Nucleic acid + Capsid (Enclosed) • Capsomeres - Morphological units seen on the surface of particles and represent clusters of structure units or polypeptide • Envelope - A lipid containing membrane that surrounds some viral particles o It is acquired during viral maturation by a budding process through a cell membrane o Envelope viruses has a pleomorphic appearance inside the envelope • Structural Units - Protomers are the smallest functional unit equivalent to building units of the capsid. Basic protein that acts as building blocks of the coat GROUPS OF VIRUS BASED ON ARRANGEMENT • Lysis is required for icosahedral pattern and not for helical pattern • Cubic symmetry o observed with animal viruses is the icosahedral pattern, the most efficient arrangement for subunits in a closed shell • Helical symmetry o protein subunits are bound in a periodic way to the viral nucleic acid, winding into a helix • Complex Symmetry • MEASURING THE SIZE OF VIRUS • Direct observation in the electron microscopy • Filtration through membranes of graded porosity • Sedimentation in the ultracentrifuge (Svedberg Units) • Comparativeness measurements
CLASSIFICATION OF VIRUSES BASIS OF CLASSIFICATION OF VIRUS • Virion morphology (size, shape, type of symmetry, presence or absence of membranes) • Physicochemical properties of virion (molecular mass, buoyant density, pH stability, thermal stability and susceptibility to physical and chemical agents ex. Ether and detergents) • Virus genome properties (type of nucleic acid, size, strandedness(single or double) , nucleotide sequence) • Virus protein properties • Genome organization and replication • Antigenic properties • Biologic properties (host range, MOT, vector relationships, pathogenicity and tissue pathology) CRITERIA FOR VIRUS CLASSIFICATION • Genome type/Nuclear material: RNA or DNA • Number of strand single or double stranded o Capsid morphology (Helical, icosahedral, or complex) o Envelope ( Presence or absence) o Site of Virion Assembly ( nucleus or cytoplasm ) o Baltimore Classification/Scheme - mostly used to distinguish different types of RNA viruses ▪ +sense or –sense STEPS OF INFECTION • Absorption or attachment o Specific for cell receptors • Penetration o Direct penetration of the membrane o Envelope-membrane fusion o Endocytosis • Uncoating o Release the genome from capsid • RNA in cytoplasm • DNA in the nucleus PRIONS PRION • Is a proteinaceous infectious material • Structure is composed of insoluble beta pleated sheet • Affects NS such as fibrils and vacuole (spongy) • Examples o Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) ▪ Normal cellular protein (PrPc) misfolded when a portion of its α-helical coil structure refolds to a β-sheet, producing a mutant (PrPsc) ▪ May be secreted in the urine o Animal infection only ▪ Scrapie • Sheep ▪ Chronic wasting disease • Mule, deer, and elk ▪ Transmissible mink encephalopathy • Mink ▪ Human infection- Prion diseases are a family of progressive neurodegenerative disorders that affect both humans and animals TYPES • Sporadic • Genetic • Variant • Iatrogenic o Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) ▪ Cattle ▪ Development of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) from infected meat of cows with BSE o Kuru ▪ Aborigines in New Guinea o Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) o Fatal insomnia ▪ All human as natural host • Symptoms o Dementia, memory loss, behavioral problems o Cerebellar ataxia and shivering-like tremor o Complete loss of motor and speech function o Death in 1 month to 1 year • Transmission o Neural tissue o Although there might be cases of other tissue transmission • Other problems o Survive formalin fixation o Very resistant to sterilization ▪ Recommend exposure to 20,000 ppm chlorine or 1 M sodium hydroxide to inactivate prions •
Virology - 01 Intro to Virology
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