Lecture Note
CLINICAL PARASITOLOGY TREMATODES OUTLINE • Trematodes o Introduction & Taxonomy o Trematodes o Life Cycle • Liver, Intestinal, Pancreatic, and Lung Flukes o Liver Flukes ▪ Fasciola Hepatica & Fasciola gigantica ▪ Clonorchis sinensis, Opistorchis felineus ▪ Dicrocoelium dendriticum/lanceolata Legend: → (Example) o Intestinal Flukes o Pancreatic Flukes : Eurytrema pancreaticum o Lung Flukes: Paragonimus Westermani • Blood Flukes o Schistosomes o Other Schistosomes o Pathology o Diagnosis TREMATODES INTRODUCTION & TAXONOMY TREMATODES • Flukes • Leaf-like in shape • Has incomplete alimentary canal and complex reproductive structures o Alimentary canal - digestive system o Incomplete alimentary canal due to absence of anus o Complex reproductive due to presence of testis, ovary, and uterus in single adult • Monoecious - both male and female (hermaphroditic) • Infective stage : Metacercaria (larval stage) o For most trematodes except for order Strigeiformes • Mode of transmission : Ingestion of the 2 nd intermediate host infected with Metacercaria • Has 3 hosts (2 Intermediates & 1 Definite) • Requires 2 Intermediate hosts : o 1st Intermediate Host : Snail o 2nd Intermediate Host : Fish, Crabs, Vegetation, Snail • Definitive Host : Man • Attach themselves to the host by means of 2 suckers o Oral sucker o Ventral sucker (acetabulum) o 3rd sucker (Genital sucker - gonocytes) – Heterophyes spp LIFE CYCLE • Eggs o Has Operculum – lid-like structure ▪ Opens if the larva inside the egg is already ready to hatch • Larva (5 sub-stages): o Miracidium - water o Sporocyst, Redia, Cercaria - 1st Intermediate host o Metacercaria - 2nd intermediate host o ‘ M y S ister R ent a C ar for M e’ • Adults o Female : Oviparous or Oviviparous LIVER, INTESTINAL, PANCREATIC, AND LUNG FLUKES LIVER FLUKES: Fasciola Hepatica & Fasciola gigantica Fasciola Hepatica Fasciola gigantica Common Name Sheep Liver Fluke Temperate Liver Fluke Giant Liver Fluke Tropical Liver Fluke Natural/Final Host Sheep Local cattle, herbivores 1 st Intermediate Host Snails: Lymnea philippinensis, Lymnea auricularia rubiginosa (snail) 2 nd Intermediate Host Vegetation: Ipomea obscura (kangkong) & Nasturtium officinale (water cress) Habitat Liver parenchyma, (gall bladder) Infective Stage Metacercaria Pathology Fascioliasis (liver rot), liver atrophy, halzoun Laboratory Diagnosis Stool exam, liver biopsy, PCR Drug of Choice Bithionol, Triclabendazole • F. gigantica - largest liver fluke • Man - accidental host for Fasciola • Stool exam - due to transmission by ingestion • Liver biopsy - due to tendency of Fasciola to affect liver • PCR - detect genetic sequence of Fasciola LIFE CYCLE
• Eggs become embryonated in water • Infective stage - 1 st IH: Miracidia Fasciola Hepatica Fasciola gigantica Adult with cephalic cone which has well developed shoulder Larger than F. hepatica, less developed shoulder, shorter cephalic cone Larva All stages are present EGG Egg Large, operculated, unembryonated, yellowish-brown egg (Hen’s egg shape) PATHOLOGY • Human Fascioliasis – Sheep Liver Rot o Acute or Invasive Phase ▪ Larval migration and worm maturation in the hepatic tissues ▪ May appear asymptomatic ▪ Migration of fluke from the intestine to the liver ▪ Flukes burrows through the liver parenchyma producing traumatic and necrotic lesions o Chronic phase ▪ Period where fluke already reached the bile ducts ▪ Adult flukes can cause obstruction and stimulates inflammation in the biliary epithelium which subsequently cause fibrosis. ▪ Only diagnosed during surgery o Triad of Diagnostic Significance ▪ Symptoms that are correlated with sheep liver rot ▪ Sudden onset of fever ▪ Hepatomegaly - enlargement of liver ▪ Marked eosinophilia - increased eosinophils • “ Halzoun ” (Mararra) o Halzoun from Lebanon, Mararra from Sudan o Pharyngeal suffocation o suffocation as a result of temporary lodgment of the fluke in the pharynx DIAGNOSIS • Stool Exam (Direct Fecal Smear) • Recovery of adult worms in duodenal contents and bile o Adults reside in liver • Liver Biopsy • Molecular methods (PCR) LIVER FLUKES: Clonorchis sinensis & Opistorchis felineus Clonorchis sinensis Opistorchis felineus Common Name Oriental Liver Fluke Chinese Liver Fluke Cat Liver Fluke Siberia Liver Fluke Notes Most important liver fluke of man Possible carcinogen First described by McConnell Clonorchis sinensis Opistorchis felineus * Opistorchis viverrini – Southeast Asian liver fluke Final Host Man and other fish- eating vertebrae Cats 1st Intermediate Host Snails: Family Parafossarulus, Bulinus, Semisulcospira, Alocinma, Thiara, Malanoides Snails: Family Bithynia 2nd Intermediate Host Family Cyprinidae (Fishes) Family Cyprinidae (Fishes) Family Cobitidae (Fishes) Habitat Liver parenchyma (also in pancreatic duct and gallbladder - C. sinensis ) Infective Stage Metacercaria Pathology Bile duct obstruction, Liver CA, and gallbladder CA Laboratory Diagnosis Stool exam, serologic tests, molecular tests Drug Of Choice Praziquantel, Albendazole • CA - carcinoma LIFE CYCLE Clonorchis sinensis Opistorchis felineus ADULT Leaf-like with transparent tegument Vitellaria (VT) found in the middle third of the body Two large, highly branched testes (TE) arranged in tandem Lobate testes arranged obliquely EGG • Yellowish-brown, ovoid (Pitcher-shaped/Old-fashioned electric light buld-shaped) • Distinct convex operculum that fits to the thickened rim of the eggshell • Thick rim located around operculum (shoulders) • Small protuberance at the abopercular end
PATHOLOGY • Periductal fibrosis o Fatigue, weakness, weight loss, altered appetite • Gallbladder and Liver CA o Hepatocellular Carcinoma o Cholangiocarcinoma o Due to carcinogenic nature • Liver dysfunction o Clonorchis sinensis o Occurs on person severely infected over a long period of time DIAGNOSIS • Stool Exam (Direct Fecal Smear) o Detection of egg • Serologic test (ELISA, EIA) o ELISA - Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay o EIA - Enzyme Immunoassay • Molecular methods (PCR) LIVER FLUKES: Dicrocoelium dendriticum/lanceolata • Common Name : Lanceolate/Lancet Fluke • Habitat : Biliary passage of the liver • Final Host : Cattle/Sheep o Man - accidental host • 1st IH : Snail ( Cochlicopa , Helix , Xerolenta , Zebrina ) • 2nd IH : Ants ( Formica fusca ) • Infective stage : Metacercaria • Mode of Transmission : Ingestion of 2 nd IH w/ Metacercaria • Egg : Brownish, thick-walled, operculated, embryonated • Adult : Lancet-shaped • Pathology : Cirrhosis/Fibrosis of the liver • Dicrocoelium hospes – responsible for human infection in West Africa INTESTINAL FLUKES Fasciolopsis buski Echinostoma ilocanum Heterophyes heterophyes Common Name Giant Intestinal Fluke Garrison’s Fluke Von Siebold’s Fluke Notes Largest fluke parasitizing man (in general) Discovered by Philip Garrison among prisoners of Bilibid Prison in Manila, PH • Smallest trematode of man • Deadliest trematode Final Host Man 1st intermediate host (Snails) Segmentina, Hippeutis Gyraulus convexiusculus; Hippeutis umbilicalis Cerithidea, Pirenella 2nd intermediate host Vegetation • Water Caltrop ( Trapa bicorn is) • Water Chesnut ( Eliocharis tuberosa ) • Kangkong/ Morning Glory ( Ipomea obsc ura) • Lotus ( Nymphaea lotus ) Snail • Kuhol ( Pila luzonic a) • Susong pampang ( Vivipara angularis ) Fishes • Balanak – Mugil spp • Tilapia – Tilapia spp • Kanduli – Arius manilensis • Common in the Philippines Fasciolopsis buski Echinostoma ilocanum Heterophyes heterophyes • Bamboo shoots ( Zizania ) Habitat Small Intestine Infective Stage Metacercaria Pathology Abdominal discomfort, Diarrhea, Edema Abdominal discomfort, Chronic mucous diarrhea, Eosinophilia Abdominal pain, Mucous diarrhea, Ulceration of intestinal wall Laboratory Diagnosis Stool Exam, Concentration techniques, Molecular techniques (PCR) Drug Of Choice Praziquantel • H. heterophyes - deadliest because they may end up in circulation that may transfer to heart, brain, & spinal cord o Once in the heart, can cause heterophyid myocarditis (account for 15% of fatal heart disease in the PH) o Transport to circulation through ulceration of intestinal wall • Concentration technique - for recovery of eggs LIFE CYCLE Fasciolopsis buski Echinostoma ilocanum Heterophyes heterophyes ADULT Has simple intestinal ceca Two dentritic testes in tandem Branched ovaries Circumoral disk with crown of spines (49-51 spines) surrounding the oral sucker Has genital sucker surrounding the genital pore *Has genital sucker (gonocyte) – 3rd sucker EGG Indistinguishable from other fasciolid eggs Germ ball egg with triangular operculum Old-fashioned light bulb PANCREATIC FLUKES: Eurytrema pancreaticum • Common Name : Pancreatic fluke • Habitat : Pancreatic ducts • Final Host : Cattle/Sheep • 1st IH : Snail • 2nd IH : Ants, Grasshoppers, Mantis, Crickets • Infective stage : Metacercaria • Mode of Transmission : Ingestion of 2 nd IH w/ Metacercaria • Egg : Operculated, embryonated (same w/ D. dendriticum) • Adult : Ruffled margins LUNG FLUKES: Paragonimus westermani • Common Name : Oriental Lung Fluke • Common in Sorsogon, Bicol • Habitat : Lungs • Final Host : Man • 1st IH: Snail o Antemelania asperata (formerly Brotia asperata ) o Antemelania dactylus
• 2nd IH : Crabs o Sundathelpusa philippina (formerly Parathelpusa grapsoides ) • Infective stage : Metacercaria • Mode of Transmission : Ingestion of 2 nd IH w/ Metacercaria • Treatment : Praziquantel LIFE CYCLE ADULT EGG • Coffee-bean shaped • Wavy or succulent intestinal ceca • Thickened abopercular end • Flattened but prominent operculum • Similar w/ Diphylobotrium latum PATHOLOGY • Paragonimiasis (Pulmonary distomiasis) o Chronic cough and hemoptysis (blood in sputum) o Present as symptoms of tuberculosis • Chronic bronchiectasis • Pleural fibrosis • Cutaneous Paragonimiasis o Slow moving nodular lesions in the subcutaneous tissues on the abdomen and chest • Cerebral Paragonimiasis o Most serious complication among man o Diplopia – simultaneous perception of two images of a single object ( pagkaduling) o Hemiparesis – weakness of one side of the body o Homonymous hemianopsia – condition where a person sees only one side (either left or right) o Aphasia – impairment of language (cannot speak, read or write) o Headache, Seizures, Blurring of Vision DIAGNOSIS • Sputum examination o Ova + Charcot-Leyden crystals (eosinophil degradation products) • Stool exam (DFS) o Infected individual (children) may ingest infected sputum which may pass through the digestive system • Chest X-ray • Serodiagnostics (ELISA, IB) o IB - immunoblot • Molecular tests (PCR) BLOOD FLUKES Schistosomes • Elongated/cylindrical • Dioecious - adult can only be male or female, not both • Only one Intermediate host : Snail • Definitive Host : Man • Infective stage : o Miracidia - infect snail (IH) o Cercaria - fork-tailed cercaria; for definitive host • Mode of transmission : Skin penetration of cercaria • Adults : o Always in copula (perpetual copulation) ▪ The most romantic parasites o Female : Oviviparous o Male : have gynecophoral canal/grooves ▪ Gynecophoral canal - where female is held • Eggs : non-operculated • Larva : No Redia and Metacercaria o Miracidia → Sporocyst → Cercaria • Habitat : o ADULT : Blood Vessels ▪ Ingests RBCs ▪ Contains proteases such as hemoglobinase (breaks down hemoglobin) Schistosoma japonicum Schistosoma mansoni Schistosoma haematobium Common Name Oriental Blood Fluke Mansoni Blood Fluke Vesical Blood Fluke Notes Common in Mindoro, Leyte, Sorsogon, Mindanao Smallest among blood flukes First reported by Theodore Bilharz Common in Nile River Valley Final Host Man 1st intermediate host (Snails) Oncomelania hupensis quadrasi Biomphalaria spp., Australorbis spp., Tropicorbis spp. Planorbis spp. Bulinus spp. Physopsis spp. Biomphalaria spp. Habitat Superior mesenteric vein Inferior mesenteric vein Colon/rectum Vesical, prostatic, uterine venous plexuses Urinary Bladder Infective Stage Cercaria (forked tail) Mode of Transmission Skin penetration Pathology Katayama Disease, Snail fever, Oriental Schistosomiasis, Swamp fever Intestinal Bilharziasis Urinary Bilharziasis, Egyptian hematuria, Bloody Urine Laboratory Diagnosis Stool examination, rectal biopsy specimen Concentrated urine specimen Drug of Choice Praziquantel; Metrifonate (Bilarcil) – alternative for S. HaematobiumI (for resistance) • Stool exam - due to presence in mesenteric veins
• Conc. urine specimen exam - from 24 hour urine sample (patient collect voided urine within 24 hour span) LIFE CYCLE • When cercaria penetrates skin, it loses its tail • Schistosomule - tail-less cercacia Schistosoma japonicum Schistosoma mansoni Schistosoma haematobium ADULT EGG • 3000 eggs/day • With knob-like or curved hook of protuberance on one-side ( Lateral knob ) • Smallest egg of all schistosoma • 100-300 eggs/day • Light yellowish brown with large lateral spine on one side (rose-thorn appearance) Large, prominent terminal spine • Adults are not diagnostically important OTHER SCHISTOSOMES • Schistosoma mekongi o Discovered in Mekong River o Eggs resembles egg of S. japonicum , but smaller o Adults reside in small intestine venules • Schistosoma intercalatum o Eggs resemble egg of S. haematobium but with equatorial/central bulge o Adults reside in colon venules (large intestine) o Can be found in stool sample PATHOLOGY • Swimmer’s itch/Gulf-coast itch/Cercarial itch, Clam digger’s itch o Dermatitis with pruritus at the site of cercarial penetration • Katayama disease/Katayama Fever/Snail Fever o systemic hypersensitivity reaction to schistosomulum migrating through tissue (can move to intestinal, hepatosplenic, pulmonary, cerebral tissues) • Intestinal schistosomiasis – eggs are deposited in the intestinal mucosa triggering granuloma formation (obstruction of intestinal tract) • Hepatosplenic schistosomiasis – the most serious consequence of chronic schistosomiasis o Hepatomegaly, Ascites, Portal Hypertension and development of collateral circulation • Pulmonary schistosomiasis – larval migration to lungs o Wheezing and coughing o Can lead to cor pulmonale - right-sided heart enlargement • Cerebral schistosomiasis – motor and sensory disturbances • For S. haematobium o Urinary Schistosomiasis – “sandy patches” in the lower urinary tract o Female Genital Schistosomiasis – associated with presence of eggs in the cervix, vagina and/or vulva o Obstructive uropathy – due to deposition of eggs in the ureter wall obstruction urinary flow o Bladder Calcification – calcium deposition around schistosome eggs in the urinary bladder ▪ “Fetal head” sign in abdominal X-ray o Bladder Carcinoma - most prevalent among Egyptians ▪ May be due to continuous exposure to carcinogens secondary to bacterial infections (N-nitroso compounds) • *Picture taken by Dr. Belizario de Leon, well known parasitologist in the Philippines DIAGNOSIS • For S. japonicum and S. mansoni o Stool examination o Rectal biopsy - common for S. mansoni o Sedimentation techniques - for heavy eggs o Faust- Meleney’s Egg Hatching Technique o Circumoval Precipitin Test (COPT) ▪ Definitive test for Schistosomiasis ▪ Demonstrates “bleb formation” ▪ Specimen : Serum (to detect antibodies) ▪ Reagent : Lyophilized (powdered) eggs from rabbits o Cercarial Hullen Reaction ▪ Demonstrates shrinking of cercaria ▪ Specimen : Serum • May contain antibodies against Schistosoma ▪ Reagent : Lyophilized cercaria ▪ Shrinking of cercaria = presence of antibodies • For S. haematobium o Urine examination o Preferred specimen : 24-hour unpreserved urine o Optimized recovery in urine : between noon and 2:00 PM
Clinical Parasitology - 03 Trematodes
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