Study Guide
Rheumatoid Arthritis NSAIDS/Cox-2 enzyme blocker (Treatment begins with these!) • Celecoxib Celecoxib causes less GI distress Monitor for renal dysfunction Corticosteroids • Prednisone • Acute exacerbations • Not long term Monitor for: • Osteoporosis • Hyperglycemia • Immunosuppression • Cushing-like symptoms • Weight/BP DMARDS (below) • Slows the progression of RA. • Suppressed immune system reaction that cause pain/inflammation • DMARDs- can affect liver: avoid alcohol • MONITOR FOR: Neutropenia, hepatoxicity, anemia Antimalarial Hydroxychloroquine Mild to moderate disease -rapidly absorbed, relatively safe, well tolerated Antibiotic Minocycline Sulfonamide Sulfasalazine Mild to moderate disease -rapidly absorbed, relatively safe, well tolerated Biologic Response Modifiers • Etanercept • Infliximab • Adalimumab • Chelator penicillamine Cytotoxic Medications • Methotrexate • Leflunomide • Cyclophosphamide • Azathioprine • Relief of medications may not occur for a few weeks • LEFLUNOMIDE- monitor lab results for decreased WBC’s and platelets/ increased liver enzymes • LEFLUNOMIDE- Hair loss/diarrhea and fetal birth defects • METHOTREXATE: Preferred for early treatment, lower toxicity but may not get relief from this drug alone
Stroke Tissue plasminogen Activator (tPA) -Must be given within 3-4.5 hours of ischemic stroke -Digest fibrin/fibrinogen Anticoagulant • Warfarin -Not recommended in emergency phase due to bleeding/ICP -appropriate for Afib - PT/INR- Time it takes blot to clot INR: therapeutic level between 2-3 -Must receive periodic lab work Direct factor Xa Inhibitors • Rivaroxab an • Dabigatr an • Apixab an -Alternative to warfarin therapy for those with Afib -Novel oral anticoagulants Antiplatelets • Lose dose aspirin • Clopi dogrel • Dipyrida mole -Platelet inhibitors ICP Antiseizure • Phenytoin -Prophylactic Antipyretic/Muscle Relaxant -reduce metabolism BP Medication -Maintain cerebral perfusion Corticosteroids -Decrease cerebral edema -Reduce leakiness of BBB Hyperosmotic agent • Mannitol (IV) -Osmotic diuretic, causes edema -Increases intravascular pressure by drawing fluid from the brain -ASSESS LOC every hour -STRICT I&O -Insert indwelling catheter -Monitor electrolytes closely Opioids • Morphine -Only in mechanically ventilated pts. -pain and restlessness
Addiction Alcohol: Vitamin B Complex • Thiamine • Folic acid • Vitamin C • Naltrexone Blocks the high feeling • Acamprosate Reduce physical distress and emotional discomfort • Disulfiram -Severe adverse reactions - Fatigue, flushing, sweating, headache, neck pain, N/V, HYPOtension, tachycardia, Respiratory distress -Abstain for at least 12 hours, begins withing minutes-30min, last 30min to 2 hrs. -stays in body 2 weeks Opiates • Methadone -Most effective -Agonist • Buprenorphine (Subutex) -FIRST PHASE - Isn’t a full opioid but acts like one. • Buprenorphine AND Naloxone (Suboxone) -Less likely to be abused (Long term) • Clonidine -Alpha-adrenergic blocker -Reduces severity of SNS withdrawal discomfort Stimulants • Antipsychotics -Overdose treatment • Bromocriptine • Antidepressants -Withdrawal Nicotine • Varenicline(Chantix) • Bupropion (Wellbutrin) -Bupropion 1 st choice with depression Marijuana • Marinol (dronabinol) • Cesamet (nabilone) -Marinol: appetite -Cesamet: N/V
Hypersensitivity Antihistamines 1 st gen • Diphenhydramine -Anticholinergic -sedating 2 nd Gen • Cetirizine • Fexofenadine • loratadine -minimal side effects -more expensive Sympathomimetic/decongestant drugs • Pseudoephedrine • Oxymetazoline (Afrin) -Promotes vasoconstriction of superficial vessels in nose -CNS stimulation, Insomnia, irritability, Increase BP, Tachycardia, palpitations - Tolerance/rebound congestion Corticosteroids • Fluticasone (Flonase) • Mometasone (Nasonex) • Budesonide (Rhinocort) -decrease mucosal inflammation and facilitates drainage of sinuses -Allergic rhinitis -Systemic effects at high doses -DO NOT take PRN, Adherence inportant Mast cell-stabilizing drugs • Cromolyn spray -Nasal or ophthalmic -suppresses release of histamine from mast cells - Minimal SA -Can be used before mowing grass, etc Leukotriene receptor antagonist • Montelukast -allergic rhinitis -asthma DUAL ROLE! Decrease inflammation and bronchodilates TB: Isoniazid, Rifampin, Ethambutol, Pyrazinamide Empty stomach, 8oz water, avoid antacids Sputum samples every 2-4weeks
MS Potassium Channel Blocker • Dalfampridine (oral) Can cause seizures! -Improves nerve conduction in damaged nerve segments -MAY IMPROVE WALKING SPEED Immunomodulators (DMD) • Interferon Beta 1a/1b (Subcut) - Depression/suicidal thoughts -Wear sunscreen/protective clothing -Flu-like symptoms common DMDS: Decrease frequency and severity of relapses -Reduce brain lesions -Increase functional capability -Increase QOL • Teriflunomide (oral) -Life threatening Liver toxicity -Anti inflammatory • Fingolimod (oral) -Viral brain infection: Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) -Reduces disease activity by preventing lymphocytes from reaching CNS • Dimethyl Fumarate -Viral brain infection: Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) -Helps defend against inflammation and oxidative stress • Glatiramer acetate (Subcut) Monoclonal Antibodies • Alemtuzumab • Natalizumab • Ocrelizumab (IV Infusion) -PML - Given when pts don’t have a good response to other treatments -suppress immunological activity -reduce freq of reactions -Last resort because it causes PML Immunosuppressants • Mitoxantrone -suppress immune system during treatment, depletes cells attacking myelin Corticosteroids • Methylprednisolone • dexamethasone -High dose over 3-5 days followed by prednisone taper -reduces edema/speed recovery -DOES NOT SLOW DOWN NEUROLOGICAL IMPAIRMENT
Fatigue • Amantadine • Modafinil Bladder spasms • Oxybutynin • Propantheline -Anticholinergic -Drink water/dry mouth Depression • SSRI Spasms • Dantrolene • Tizanidine • Baclofen Baclofen: Dizziness and drowsiness and CANNOT STOP ABRUPTLY because it can cause CONFUSION AND PSYCHOSIS Antispasmodic • Diazepam Neuropathic pain • Gabapentin • Carbamazepine Gout Acute Gout • Colchicine • NSAID • Corticosteroids • ACTH • Indocin -DOES NOT LOWER URIC ACID LEVELS -Prevent or treat attacks of gout -works within 12-24 hours Colchicine- relief when given within 12 hours and help in diagnosis. -Colchicine is anti-inflammatory but not analgesic, so NSAID is added -Indocin, Corticosteroids also anti-inflammatory Prevention: Xanthin oxidase inhibitor • Allopurinol -Causes less Uric acid to be produced by the body -Can cause vision changes -Can be used in pts with uric acid kidney stones or renal impairment
Parkinson’s Dopaminergic • Levodopa with Carbidopa -Dyskinesia with prolonged use -Wearing off phenomenon -Hallucinations, Ortho hypo, red/brown urine/saliva/sweat -protruding tongue not normal -NO HIGH PROTIEN MEALS -Primary treatment -Enhance the release/supply of dopamine -Levodopa converted to dopamine in the brain -CARBIDOPA inhibits enzyme that breaks down levodopa Anticholinergic (Both can take several weeks to work) • -Block the effects of the overactive cholinergic neurons in the striatum Dopamine Agonists • Ropinirole** • Apomorphine** • Amantadine** • Bromocriptine • Pramipexole - Monitor for orthostatic hypertension, dyskinesia, and HULLICINATIONS -Activate release of dopamine Apomorphine- Improvement in hypomobility (Off episodes) and MUST take with antiemetic that is NOT Ondansetron -severely low BP Take bp/pulse before giving. -may cause falls, dizziness, spontaneous sleepiness Anticholinergic • Benztropine (Cogentin) -Monitor for anticholinergic effects Dry mouth, constipation, urinary retention, acute confusion -Helps control tremors and rigidity -decrease activity of acetycholine Monoamine Oxidase type B inhibitors • Rasagi line • Selegi line AVOID tyramine containing foods-hypertensive crisis -Dizziness, dry mouth, headache, orthostatic BP -inhibit type b activity and increases dopamine (it’s the enzyme that degrades dopamine) -Reduces wearing off phenomeneon COMT inhibitors • Entacapone • Opicapone -monitor for dyskinesia, diarrhea -Dark urine normal -Decrease breakdown of levodopa (comt breaks it down) -Used when response to levodopa is wearing off-prolongs effect of Carb-levo -Advanced PD and intense motor fluctuations
Lupus NSAIDS • Reduce inflammation and arthritic pain DO NOT TAKE if there is renal involvement Corticosteroids • Prednisone -Suppress immune system/reduce inflammation -Cream for skin rashes Monitor for fluid retention, hypertension, and impaired Kidney function Immunosuppressants • Methotrexate • Azathioprine • belimumab -Methotrexate and Azathioprine suppress immune response -belimumab inhibits stimulation of B cells/reduce autoimmune response MONITOR Liver enzymes, hepatotoxicity, and bone marrow suppression Antimalarial • Hydroxychloroquine Suppression of synovitis, fever, and fatigue ALSO decreases risk of developing skin lesions from the absorption of UV light from sun exposure. Osteoarthritis NSAIDS • Diclofenac (Topical) • Celecoxib • Indomethacin • Meloxicam • Naproxen • Ibuprofen FIRST LINE TREATMENT -Some start with topical -Celecoxib good option for older pts-selective properties on cartilage. -inhibit synthesis and release of inflammatory mediators -May affect cartilage metabolism -Inhibit prostaglandin synthesis -nephrotoxic Corticosteroids • Methylprednisolone acetate(depo-Medrol) • Triamcinolone -Intraarticular injections -4 or more injections without relief suggests need for further intervention. -strict aseptic -joint may feel temporarily worse after injection -lasts weeks to months SYSTEMIC CORTICOSTEROIDS NOT USED-HASTEN DISEASE PROCESS! -AVOID using joint right after injection OCT Topicals • Bengay • Aspercreme • Capsaicin Sickle cell -Hydroxyurea, Adakveo, voxelotor can reduce sickles episodes
Fracture Muscle Relaxants • Carisoprodol • Cyclobenzaprine • Methocarbamol Muscle spasms/pain Bone-penetrating antibiotics • Cephalosporins • Cefazolin -Cephazolin give prophylactically Fibromyalgia Chronic widespread Pain • Pregabalin • Duloxetine • Milnacipran -pregabalin (nerve) -duloxetine/milnacipran (antidepressant) • Low dose tricyclic antidepressants (Amitriptyline) • SSRI • Benzo (diazepam) • Tramadol (non-opioid) -High dose SSRI for depression Sleep • Zolpidem • Trazodone Muscle relaxant • Cyclobenzaprine Osteoporosis Bisphosphonates • Alendronate • Risedronate Slow bone reabsorption by binding with crystal elements in bone. Especially spongy porous bone tissue -Monitor bone density - Take on empty stomach and sit up for 30 minutes to avoid esophagitis Supplements • Mg • Ca • Vitamin D • Calcium Carbonate -Calcium Carbonate-Take in divides doses of <500mg -
HIV Fusion inhibitors -Subcut 2x daily Peripheral neuropathy Block the fusion/binding of HIV to cells CCR5 Inhibitor -PO -Liver injury -Cardiovascular events Binds with CCR5 and blocks viral entry Protease inhibitors -PO -Liver problems -Hyperglycemia -High cholesterol SHOULD NOT TAKE WITH MOST STATIN DRUGS Inhibit protease, which is needed for the virus to replicate Non-Nucleoside reverse transcriptase -PO -Liver problems Neuropsychiatric problems, nightmares, hallucinations, suicidal thoughts Inhibit reverse transcriptase to inhibit viral replication in cells Nucleoside-reverse -PO -Liquid -Rash -Liver problems -peripheral neuropathy -Lactic acidosis Interferes with the ability to convert RNA to DNA Integrase -Liver injury -SEVERE SKIN REACTIONS -WIDESPREAD INFLAMMATION Binds w/integrase. Prevents HIV from incorporating into host cell PrEP- Discovy/Truvada nPEP-72hrs
Medications and Treatments Overview
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