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Carlo Mananquil
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HEMATOLOGY LABORATORY PERIPHERAL BLOOD SMEAR OUTLINE • Peripheral Blood Smear o Wedge Technique o Fixing and Staining o Well-made Wedge/PBS Smear o Normal vs. Poorly Made PBS o Optimal Assessment Area o WBC Estimate o Platelet Estimate PERIPHERAL BLOOD SMEAR • The examination of the peripheral blood smear is an integral part of the routine examination of blood films. Essential information can be obtained from this examination. o Information regarding RBC, WBC, platelets o Determines health status WEDGE TECHNIQUE • aka Double slide, spreader slide, or push smear • The most convenient and most commonly used PBS preparation method. • Uses : o WBC (HPF/40x) & Platelet Count Estimate (OIF/100x) o WBC Differential Count (OIF/100x) o nRBC count (OIF/100x) • Specimen : EDTA Whole Blood o Prepared within 2-3 hours after collection o Heparin - not used, stains the smear too blue MATERIALS • Glass slides o Film slide o Spreader slide (smooth edged) o May be frosted (for labelling) • Methanol (fixative) o Preserve morphology • Romanowsky stain (nonvital polychrome stain) o Non-vital Stains dead cels o Polychrome - more than one stain o Uses acidic and basic stain o Eosin - acidic o Methylene blue - basic o Uses phosphate buffer (6.4 - 6.8 pH) • Microscope (visualization) • Oil immersion o Cedarwood Oil PROCEDURE • Add a drop of blood places .25 inch from one end of the slide. Drop should be 2-3 mm in diameter. o Large drop - thicker smear o Small drop - thinner smear • Place the spreader slide at a 30-45° angle in a place near the drop but not touching the blood. • Draw back the slide until it touches the blood. Allow the blood to spread across the width of the slide. • Push the slide quickly at the other end. Use even pressure when pushing. o Length of smear should 2/3 - ¾ of length of the slide. FACTORS AFFECTING PBS THICKNESS/THINNESS Thick Smear Thin Smear Size of Blood Drop Large drop Small drop Angle of Spreader Slide Increased angle Decreased angle Pressure exerted Heavy pressure Light pressure Speed Too fast Too slow Hematocrit Increased Hct Decreases Hct • Corrective action o ↑ Hct, decrease spreader angle or use small drop o ↓ Hct, increase angle of spreader or use large drop FIXING AND STAINING • Procedure 1. Immerse slide with fixative (methanol) and air dry ▪ Alcohol allow fast air drying 2. Immerse in Methylene blue then in Eosin ▪ No need for washing before 3. Wash excess stain with water ▪ Wash at backside of slide 4. Air dry WELL-MADE WEDGE/PBS SMEAR MACROSCOPIC CHARACTERISTICS • The film is 2/3 to 3⁄4 of the length of the slide o Widely distributed • Film is finger shaped (very slightly rounded feathery edge) • The lateral edges are visible • The film is smooth (no irregularities, holes, streaks, etc) o Ensures well-distributed cells • Presence of “rainbow” appearance in the feathery edge of the film
MICROSCOPIC CHARACTERISTICS • Pink to purple color of smear o Heparin make smear bluish • RBC – orange to salmon pink • WBC nuclei – pink to purple o Neutrophils - pink with violet or lilac granules o Eosinophils – bright orange refractile granules o Basophil – purplish black granules o Lymphocyte – robin’s egg blue cytoplasm, compact nucleus o Monocyte - faint blue gray cytoplasm • Platelets – purple blue to lilac with cytoplasm containing red blue granules • The area between cells should be colorless, clean, and free of stain precipitate ACCEPTABLE VS UNACCEPTABLE PBS • Chipped/rough edge - caused by spreader slide • Streaks - due to uneven pressure • Bubbles - may have increased lipids POORLY STAINED SMEAR Problems Causes RBCs - gray WBCs - too dark Eosinophil granules - gray • Stain or buffer too alkaline • Inadequate rinsing • Prolonged staining • Heparinized blood specimen • Short drying period • Too alkaline washing water • Old smear WBCs - too pale or red WBCs - barely visible • Stains or buffer too acidic • Underbuffering • Excessive rinsing MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION • 10x Objective Examination (LPO) o Assessment of overall film quality, color, and distribution of cells o Selection of optimal assessment area • 40x Objective Examination (HPO) o WBC estimation (use 10 fields) • 100x Objective Examination (OIO) o Platelet Estimate Count (use 10 OIO fields) o WBC Differential Count (100 cells) ▪ Battlement Method (Back-and-forth Serpentine) OPTIMAL ASSESSMENT AREA • Macroscopically : o Area between the thick area and the very thin area (feathered edge) • Microscopically : o RBCs are uniformly and singly distributed, with few touching or overlapping, and have their normal biconcave appearance (with central pallor) • Approx. 200-250 RBC per OIF AREAS TO AVOID • Feathered edge (thin area) o RBC: ▪ Macrocytic ▪ Lacks central pallor (spherocytic) ▪ Flattened o Distorted WBCs • Thick part o RBC appear microcytic o Artifactual rouleaux (stacked coin pattern) feathered edge thick part WBC ESTIMATE • Count WBC in 10 consecutive HPF • Check result of automated analyzer • Formula : WBCΤuL = Ave. WBC counted x 2,000 # of WBCs/HPF Estimated WBC count 2 – 5 WBCs/hpf 4,000 – 7,000 WBCs/uL 4 – 6 WBCs/hpf 7,000 – 10,000 WBCs/uL 6 – 10 WBCs/hpf 10,000 – 13,000 WBCs/uL 10 – 20 WBCs/hpf 13,000 – 18,000 WBCs/uL
PLATELET ESTIMATE • Count platelets in 10 consecutive OIF • Formula : PltsΤuL = ave. # of platelets x 20,000 • Platelet Estimate Reporting Platelet Estimate Reporting 0 – 49,000/uL Marked decrease 50,000 – 99,000/uL Moderate decrease 100,000 – 149,000/uL Slight decrease 150,000 – 199,000/uL Low Normal 200,000 – 400,000/uL Normal 401,000 – 599,000/uL Slight increase 600,000 – 800,000/uL Moderate increase >800,000/uL Marked increase WBC DIFFERENTIAL COUNT • Percentage of each type of WBC in the blood: o Neutrophils o Lymphocytes o Monocytes o Eosinophils o Basophils • Specific WBC type is counted using peripheral blood smear (100x objective) • Procedure 1. Prepare a well-made and stained PBS 2. Using OIO, identify 100 WBC based on type 3. Express result as percentage or as absolute count. WBCs Granulocyte Cell Size Cytoplasm Nucleus Segmented Neutrophils/ PMN (mature) 9-15 um With fine lilac- pink granules Multilobed (2-5) connected by thin filaments Band/Stab/ Staff (youngest granulocytic precursor) 9-15 um Indented nucleus (>1/2 of nuclear diameter) S, C, Z shaped Sausage-shaped Eosinophil 9-15 um With coarse reddish- orange granules Bilobed Basophil 10-16 um With coarse bluish-black granules that obscure the nucleus Multilobes (3-4) Agranulocyte Cell Size Cytoplasm Nucleus Small Lymphocyte 7-10 um Sky-blue (Robin egg blue) No granules Compact, large and round Large/Big/ Atypical Lymphocyte 11-25 um Sky-blue (Robin egg blue) No granules Indented by RBC Immature looking (round, oval, or slightly indented) Agranulocyte Cell Size Cytoplasm Nucleus Monocyte 14-20 um Blue-gray with ground glass appearance with/out vacuoles Kidney-shaped , horshoe/coffee bean with brain- like convolutions • Small & large lymphocyte are only counted as one MANNER OF REPORTING • Relative Count o The number of specific WBC type per 100 WBCs o Formula : • Absolute Count o Gives the number of specific WBC type per cubic millimeter of blood o More informative than Relative count o Formula : • Reference Ranges : RELATIVE COUNT (%) ABSOLUTE COUNT(/mm3) NEUTROPHIL 47 – 77% 1,600 – 7,260 BAND/STAFF/STAB 2 – 6% 350 - 700 LYMPHOCYTE 20 – 40% 960 – 4,400 MONOCYTE 2 –10% 180 – 880 EOSINOPHIL 0 – 6% 45 – 440 BASOPHIL 0 – 1% 45 – 110 METHODS • 100-cell differential – Routinely performed method of differential count • 50-cell differential – performed only if WBC count is <1.0 x 10 9 /L o Use buffy coat smear o In cases of leukopenia o Result is multiplied by 2 • 200-cell differential – performed only if: o Leukocytosis o Eosinophil = >10% o Basophil = >2% o Monocytes = >11% o Lymphocytes > Neutrophils (among adults) •
Hematology Lab - 06 Peripheral Blood Smear
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