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Carlo Mananquil
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CLINICAL CHEMISTRY LIPIDS & LIPOPROTEINS OUTLINE • Lipids o Fatty Acids o Phospholipid o Cholesterol o Triglyceride (TAG ) • Lipoproteins o Lipoproteins (LPP) o Apolipoprotein o Major Lipoproteins o Chemical Composition of LPP o Minor Lipoproteins o Abnormal Lipoproteins • Lipid Transport & Lipoprotein Metabolism o 4 Major Pathways o Exogenous Pathway o Endogenous Pathway o Intracellular Cholesterol Transport Pathway o Reverse Cholesterol Transport Pathway o Enzymes in Lipoprotein Metabolism • Disorders associated with Lipids and Lipoproteins o Familial Hypercholesterolemia o Familial Dysbetalipo- proteinemia o Abetalipoproteinemia o Hypobetalipoproteinemia o Niemann-Pick Disease o Tangier Disease o Lipoprotein Lipase (LPL) Deficiency o LCAT Deficiency o Tay Sachs Diseases o Anderson’s Disease o Sitosterolemia o Fredrickson-Levy Classification of o Hyperlipoproteinemia LIPIDS • They are commonly referred to as fats, composed mostly of carbon-hydrogen bonds. o Composition are hydrocarbon chains • They are the sources of fuel and provide stability to cell membrane. (lipid bilayer) o Triglycerides and fatty acids undergo lipolysis which undergoes gluconeogenesis to form energy o Lipid bilayer - composed of lipids such as phospholipids and cholesterol • Important in diagnosis of atherosclerosis (deposition of fat in major blood vessels which may damage blood vessel tissues leading to acute myocardial infarction) • Forms of lipids (according to abundance): o Phospholipids - most abundant o Cholesterol o Triglyceride o Fatty acids o Fat-soluble Vitamins ▪ Vitamin A, D, E and K FATTY ACIDS • Monomer/building block of lipids • Simple linear chain of carbon-hydrogen bonds that has a carboxyl group and methyl group on each end. • Found as constituent of phospholipid or triglyceride. • Mainly derived from hydrolysis of triglyceride (adipose tissue) • Mostly bound to albumin (esterified) • Small amount is found in plasma (unesterified) • Additional source of energy • Provide substance for conversion to glucose (gluconeogenesis) CLASSIFICATION OF FATTY ACIDS • Based on number of carbon atoms : o Short Chain : 4-6 carbon o Medium Chain : 8-12 carbon o Long Chain : >12 carbon • Based on the presence of double bonds : o Saturated Fatty Acids o Unsaturated Fatty Acids • Saturated Fatty Acids : o No double bonds o Ends with “-anoic acid” • Unsaturated Fatty Acids o With one or more double bonds o Ends with “-enoic acid” o Configuration : o Cis – hydrogen molecule of carbon atoms with double bond is on the same side ▪ Forms a kink (bend) o Trans - Hydrogen molecule of carbon atoms with double bond is on the opposite side PHOSPHOLIPID • aka conjugated lipid • The most abundant lipids derived from phosphatidic acid • Originated in the liver and intestine • Amphipathic lipid containing: o Two fatty acids (hydrophobic/non-polar tail) – interior of membrane; hydrocarbon chain o Glycerol backbone (hydrophilic/polar head) – extend to the exterior; found intracellularly or extracellular • Major component of cell membrane (lipid bilayer) • RV : 150-380 mg/dL o CF : 0.01 (g/L)
FORMS OF PHOSPHOLIPIDS • Phosphoglyceride (70-80%) o Phospholipid with glycerol backbone and an alcohol group attached on the phosphate group o Most abundant type of phospholipid in cell membrane o Essential for lipoprotein structure (for transporting lipid) o Lecithin/Phosphatidyl choline (70%) ▪ Most abundant ▪ Phosphoglyceride with choline linked to the phosphate group ▪ Measured in ratio with sphingomyelin to assess fetal lung maturity in amniotic fluid o Cephalin/Phosphatidyl ethanolamine (10%) ▪ Ethanolamine - alcohol group o Phosphatidyl serine ▪ Serine - alcohol group o Phosphatidyl inositol ▪ Inositol - alcohol group • Sphingomyelin (20%) o Phospholipid with sphingosine backbone o Component of cell membranes (RBC, brain, nerve tissues) o Reference material during 3rd trimester (Fetal Lung Maturity) – constant concentration than lecithin PHOSPHOLIPIDS • Rarely measured in the laboratory o Phospholipids are not atherogenic (can cause atherosclerosis • Acts as lung surfactant o Decreasing surface tension within alveolar space preventing alveolar collapse during expiration. • Participates in cellular metabolism and blood coagulation • Important substrate for lipoprotein metabolizing enzymes: o Lecithin-Cholesterol Acyl Transferase (LCAT) o Lipoprotein Lipase o Hepatic Lipase • Gestational marker (Fetal Lung Maturity) o Deficiency : neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) o Lecithin/Sphingomyelin Ratio : ≥2.0 mg/dL (mature fetal lung) o Method : Thin-layer Chromatography + Densitometry ▪ Chromatography - separation ▪ Densitometry - quantification o Specimen : Amniotic fluid (amniocentesis) ▪ Collection should be < 39 weeks of gestation CHOLESTEROL • Second most abundant lipid • An unsaturated steroid alcohol (Amphipathic): o Three 6-carbon rings (A, B, C) o Singe 5-carbon ring (D) o Single hydrocarbon side chain tail (connected to C17) o All are nonpolar except to hydroxyl group of ring A • Precursors : o Bile acids – fat emulsifiers o Steroid hormones (progestins, glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, androgens, estrogens) o Vitamin D ▪ Small amount of cholesterol are converted to 7-dehydrocholesterol (by sunlight) to form Vitamin D3 • Essential component of all biological membrane (lipid bilayer) • Transport and excretion is promoted by estrogen • Not catabolized by cells (not an energy source) • Absorbed in small intestine in action of enterocyte protein SOURCES OF CHOLESTEROL • Exogenous (Diet) – 15% o From food intake o Causes hypercholesterolemia • Endogenous – 85% o Synthesized by the liver o HMG-CoA is the target of Statin drugs o Hepatic cirrhosis is the #1 cause of hypocholesterolemia. ▪ Hepatic cirrhosis - Total liver malfunction o Liver problems affect cholesterol synthesis FORMS OF CHOLESTEROL • Cholesterol Ester (CE) – 70% o Most abundant o Found in plasma and serum o Hydrophobic – with fatty acids esterified in the hydroxyl group of the A ring ▪ Facilitated by LCAT ▪ Esterification - fatty acid connection o Not found in the surface of lipid layers
o Lecithin-Cholesterol Acyl Transferase (LCAT) ▪ Normally present in human plasma ▪ Catalyzes esterification of cholesterol (HDL) by transferring fatty acids from lecithin to cholesterol ▪ Synthesized in the liver ▪ Enables HDL to accumulate cholesterol as cholesterol ester ▪ Activated by Apo-1 • Free Cholesterol (FC) – 30% o Aka unesterified/unbound cholesterol o Found in plasma, serum and RBC o Amphipathic – hydroxyl group is not esterified o Produced via lysosomal hydrolysis o Used for membrane, hormone and bile synthesis. DIAGNOSTIC SIGNIFICANCE • RV (Desirable): <200 mg/dL o Conversion factor: 0.026 (mmol/L) • Interpretation of values : o Borderline : 200-239 mg/dL o High Cholesterol : ≥240 mg/dL • Evaluates risk for atherosclerosis, myocardial and coronary arterial occlusions • Most atherogenic lipid o Cholesterol can cause atherosclerosis because it is hard to control; least affected by diet & not catabolized for energy; can only be controlled with medication • Elevated serum cholesterol directly related with myocardial infarction • Marker : thyroid and liver function. o Liver dysfunction = decreased cholesterol o Measures synthetic function of liver o Thyroid hormones aid in cholesterol metabolism o Low thyroid hormone = high cholesterol • Essential in the diagnosis and management of lipoprotein disorders (affect level of cholesterol) • Used to monitor effectiveness of lifestyle changes and stress management. TRIGLYCERIDE (TAG) • Neutral lipid • Ester linkage of three fatty acids and glycerol backbone o When metabolized, these fatty acids are released into the cells and converted into energy. o Facilitated by lipoprotein lipase, epinephrine, & cortisol. • Main storage of lipid in man (adipose tissue). o Can be used as source of energy during fasting states • An average person ingests, absorbs, resynthesizes, and transports about 60-130grams of fat daily in the body, mostly in the form of triglyceride. o Low caloric intake: low triglyceride levels. DIAGNOSTIC SIGNIFICANCE • Reference value : o Conversion Factor : 0.0113 (mmol/L) o Normal : <150 mg/dL o Borderline High : 150-199 mg/dL o High TAG : 200-499 mg/dL o Very High TAG: ≥500 mg/dL ▪ Indicate pancreatitis (deficiency in lipase) ▪ TAG is hydrolyzed by lipase produced in pancreas • 2nd most atherogenic lipid o TAG can be a source of energy and can be controlled o TAG is greatly affected by diet; decrease TAG-rich food control TAG levels • Causes turbidity in serum/plasma (before or after overnight standing) • It evaluates suspected atherosclerosis and measures the body’s ability to metabolize fats. (using Lipase) • TAG and Cholesterol – most important lipids in management of coronary heart disease (CHD) LIPOPROTEINS LIPOPROTEIN (LPP) • Lipids with specialized proteins (apolipoproteins) • Function : transport TAG and cholesterol to sites of energy storage and utilization • Cholesterol & TAG in plasma is always bound to lipoproteins. • Spherical in shape (10nm – 1μm): o Free Cholesterol & Phospholipid: surface; amphipathic o Triglyceride and Cholesterol Esters: central/core region; hydrophobic APOLIPOPROTEIN • Located on the surface of lipoprotein. • Aids in solubility of lipids and also in their transfer from the GI tract to the liver. • Interacts with specific cell-surface receptors and directs lipids to the correct target organs and tissues. • Amphipathic alpha helix – a structural motif responsible for the ability of lipoprotein to bind lipids • Maintains structural integrity of lipoprotein. SIGNIFICANT APOLIPOPROTEINS ApoLPP Major Lipoprotein Location Function /Description Plasma conc. (mg/dL) Chromosome A-I HDL, CM Activates LCAT 90-130 11 A-II HDL Inhibits lipoprotein and hepatic lipases and increases plasma TAG 30-50 1 A-IV LCAT cofactor 11 (a) Lp(a) Bound to ApoB-100 by disulfide bond 6 B-100 VLDL, IDL, LDL Ligand for the LDL receptor thus critical in the uptake of LDL by cells 80-100 2 B-48 CM Exclusively found in CM <5 2
ApoLPP Major Lipoprotein Location Function /Description Plasma conc. (mg/dL) Chromosome C-I CM, LDL Inhibit uptake of VLDL and CETP in the liver 4-7 19 C-II CM, LDL Activated lipoprotein lipase that stimulated TAG hydrolysis 3-8 19 C-III CM Inhibits lipolysis of TAG-rich lipoprotein 8-15 11 D HDL Activates LCAT 3 E CM, LDL, IDL Ligand for LDL receptor and CM remnant receptor Facilitation of uptake of chylomicron remnant and IDL *Apo E-4 isoform – shown to have increased risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease 3-6 19 • Important Apolipoproteins o A-1 - most abundant o B-100 - second most abundant o B-48 - exclusive for chylomicrons o (a) - exclusive in Lp(a) MAJOR LIPOPROTEINS CHYLOMICRONS (CM) • Largest and least dense of the lipoprotein particles o Gives turbidity or milky appearance on serum (postprandial) o Readily float at the top of plasma giving creamy layer (after few hours or overnight at 4 ̊C) • Produces from the intestine from dietary fat • Transports dietary TAG to liver, muscle, and fat deposits. • Non-atherogenic lipoprotein (do not cause atherosclerosis) o Due to large size, they do not fit in blood vessel • Major composition : 90% TAG (non- fasting plasma) + 1-2% Protein • Apolipoprotein : Apo B-48, Apo A-I, Apo C and Apo E o Apo B - 48 - exclusive to CM • Density : <0.95 g/mL VERY LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN (VLDL) • Pre- β Lipoprotein • Transport endogenous TAG from the liver to muscle, fat deposit and peripheral tissue (arteries) • Atherogenic lipoprotein • Second lightest lipoprotein • Prolonged high fat diet leads to elevated TAG in VLDL particle • Always floating in the middle of serum creating homogenous turbidity before and after overnight standing. • Major composition : o 65% TAG (fasting plasma) + 6-10% Protein + 16% CE • Apolipoprotein : Apo B-100, Apo C and Apo E o Apo B-100 - most abundant • Density : 0.95-1.006 g/mL STANDING PLASMA TEST • aka Overnight standing test, Refrigerator test • Used to differentiate CM and VLDL • If serum/plasma is turbid • Sample : Serum/plasma • Procedure : o Store sample at 4 ̊C overnight in vertical position • Only test in clinical chemistry that do not use reagent • Interpretation of Result : o Chylomicrons - There is creamy later on top of the sample but the supernatant is clear. o VLDL - No creamy layer on top but has turbid supernatant o Chylomicrons & VLDL - Creamy layer on top of sample and turbid supernatant HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN (HDL) • α-lipoprotein • good lipoprotein/cholesterol • The smallest lipoprotein but the most dense • Produced in the liver and intestine • Maintains equilibrium of cholesterol in peripheral cells o Transport excess cholesterol from peripheral tissues and return it to liver (Reverse Cholesterol Transport) • Two types: o HDL 2 – more efficient in delivering lipids to liver o HDL 3 • Major Composition : Phospholipid (30%) + 45-50% Protein + 20% CE o Lipoprotein with the least amount of lipid • Apolipoprotein : Apo A-I (abundant), Apo A-II, Apo C • Density : 1.063-1.210 g/mL LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN (LDL) • β-lipoprotein • Synthesized by the liver o End product of VLDL catabolism in the liver • Most abundant lipoprotein (50% of total lipoprotein fraction) • Transport dietary cholesterol to peripheral tissue (arteries) o Bad cholesterol (atherogenic) • Primary target of cholesterol lowering therapy o 1% decrease LDL = 2% decrease in risk of atherosclerosis • Important in assessing patients with or without coronary heart disease (CHD) • Major composition : 50% CE + 18% protein & phospholipid o Most cholesterol-rich lipoprotein o Most atherogenic lipoprotein • Apolipoproteins : Apo B-100 (abundant), Apo E • Density : 1.019-1.063 g/mL DIAGNOSTIC SIGNIFICANCE • High-Density Lipoprotein o Indirect marker for atherosclerosis o Diagnostic values : ▪ Conversion factor : 0.025 mmol/L ▪ Reference value : 40 mg/dL ▪ High risk (CHD, AMI): <35 mg/dL ▪ Cardioprotective : ≥65 mg/dL • Prevents deposition of cholesterol in blood vessels
• Low-Density Lipoprotein o Diagnostic values : ▪ Optimal : <100 mg/dL ▪ Above optimal : 100-129 mg/dL ▪ Borderline : 130-159 mg/dL ▪ High : 160-189 mg/dL ▪ Very High : ≥190 mg/dL ▪ 160 mg/dL : indication of therapy (medication) o May lead to acute myocardial infarction CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF LPP Triglyceride Cholesterol Ester Free Cholesterol Phospholipid Protein CM 80-95% 2-4% 1-3% 3-6% 1-2% VLDL 45-65% 16-22% 4-8% 15-20% 6-10% LDL 4-8% 45-50% 6-8% 18-24% 18-22% HDL 2-7% 15-20% 3-5% 26-32% 45-55% MINOR LIPOPROTEINS INTERMEDIATE DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN (IDL) • VLDL remnant – intermediate product of VLDL catabolism • Subclass of LDL – IDL are converted to LDL • It migrated either in pre- β or β region (electrophoresis) • Positive IDL – abnormal o Should be converted readily to LDL o Seen in Type 3 dysbetalipoproteinemia due to deficiency of Apo E-III • Major apolipoprotein : Apo B-100 • Density : 1.006-1.019 g/mL LIPOPROTEIN (a)/Lp(a) • Similar to LDL (density and composition) • Has variable migration (electrophoresis): pre- β, or sometimes between LDL and albumin • Similar structure with plasminogen • aka Sinking pre- β lipoprotein o similar to LDL but migrates to pre- β region • Independent risk factor for atherosclerosis o Normally present in the blood (fasting or non-fasting) o >30 mg/dL – risk of premature CHD and stroke • Major apolipoprotein : Apo B-100, Apo(a) (only in Lp(a) • Density : 1.045-1.080 g/mL ABNORMAL LIPOPROTEINS LIPOPROTEIN X • Abnormal lipoprotein found in obstructive jaundice and LCAT deficiency • Specific and sensitive indicator of cholestasis • Only lipoprotein migrating towards the cathode o All LPP migrates toward the anode • Removed by reticuloendothelial system (spleen and liver) • Major composition : Phospholipid and Free Cholesterol (90%) • Protein fraction : Apo C and albumin β-VLDL • Due to defective catabolism of VLDL o IDL is also present due to defective catabolism of VLDL to LDL • Floating β-lipoprotein o Has the density of VLDL by ultracentrifugation (<1.006 g/mL) • Abnormally migrating β-VLDL o Migrates with LDL in the β region (electrophoresis) • VLDL rich in Cholesterol o Has more cholesterol content than VLDL • Found in Type 3 hyperlipoproteinemia or dysbetalipoproteinemia LIPID TRANSPORT & LIPOPROTEIN METABOLISM 4 MAJOR PATHWAYS • Exogenous Pathway o Transport dietary lipids from intestine to the liver and peripheral cells • Endogenous Pathway o Transfer hepatically derived lipids (TAG) to peripheral cells for energy metabolism • Intracellular Cholesterol Transport Pathway o Maintains cellular homeostasis of cholesterol • Reverse Cholesterol Transport Pathway o Remove excess cellular cholesterol from peripheral cells and return it to the liver for excretion. EXOGENOUS PATHWAY • Involves absorption of triglyceride and cholesterol from intestine to the liver and peripheral cells. • Largely mediated by chylomicrons o Upon diet, CM usually increase • CM are released into lymph and then enters the circulation • When released to the circulation, CM acquire apolipoproteins from HDL (Apo E and Apo C-II) • Apo E – ligand for uptake of lipid by liver • Apo C-II – activated Lipoprotein lipase found in endothelial cells will hydrolyze triglyceride from chylomicrons to free fatty acids. o Liberated fatty acids will bind with albumin then taken up my muscle cells (to be used as energy) o Chylomicrons are transformed into smaller particles (chylomicron remnants) in the process o Readily removed by the liver o Lipoprotein lipase - facilitate the hydrolysis of TAG to fatty acids ENDOGENOUS PATHWAY • Lipids produced from the liver are transported to peripheral cells for energy metabolism. • Mediated by Apo B-100-containing lipoproteins (LDL, VLDL)
• VLDL contains Apo B-100 and Apo C-II o VLDL contains TAG and EC located in its core • Apo-CII will activate Lipoprotein lipase on endothelial cells o Leading to hydrolysis of TAG to fatty acids o Free fatty acids - taken up by cell for energy production. • Lipolysis of TAG in the core of VLDL transforms it to IDL and eventually to LDL • Cholesterol Ester Transfer Protein (CETP) o Removes TAG from LDL and replace it with cholesterol esters from HDL o LDL (with CE) will return to the liver. o The cholesterol in the liver from LDL: ▪ Reused for secretion of lipoprotein ▪ Used in production of bile salts ▪ Excreted into the bile INTRACELLULAR CHOLESTEROL TRANSPORT PATHWAY • Maintains cellular homeostasis of cholesterol • Cholesterol - though important cell membrane component. Excess shall be removed as it is toxic to the cell. o Excess cholesterol may be deposited in blood vessels causing atherosclerosis • Most lipoprotein receptors delivers lipoprotein particles to the lysosome for degradation. • CE are unesterified to FC by lysosomal acid lipase • The free cholesterol : o Used for membrane biogenesis o Stored after reesterification by ACAT o Removed from cell by the reverse cholesterol transport pathway REVERSE CHOLESTEROL TRANSPORT PATHWAY • Removal of excess cholesterol from the peripheral cells to the liver for excretion • Cholesterol are pumped out from the cell by ABCA1 then bind to HDL • LCAT will esterify cholesterol on HDL. • Cholesterol ester will then be removed from HDL via binding to SR-BI receptor • HDL with removed CE is returned to the circulation • CETP transfers CE from HDL to LDL then eventually removed from the circulation by hepatic LDL receptor ENZYMES IN LIPOPROTEIN METABOLISM • Lipoprotein Lipase (LPL) o Hydrolyzes TAG and CE in lipoproteins • Hepatic Lipase o Hydrolyzes TAG and CE in HDL o Hydrolyzes lipids on VLDL and IDL • Lecithin Cholesterol Acyl Transferase (LCAT) o Catalyzes the esterification of cholesterol from HDL o Enables HDL to accumulate cholesterol as cholesterol ester • Endothelial Lipase o Hydrolyzes phospholipids and TAG in HDL • ATP-binding Cassette Protein A1 (ABCA1) o For efflux of cholesterol from peripheral cells into HDL DISORDER ASSOCIATED WITH LIPIDS AND LIPOPROTEINS FAMILIAL HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA (TYPE 2a) • Autosomal dominant disorder • Defective or deficient LDL receptors o Cannot bind and clear LDL • Laboratory findings : TC and LDL-C (2-3x above normal) • Clinical findings : o Xanthelasma o Planar (tendon) xanthomas FAMILIAL DYSBETALIPOPROTEINEMIA • Type 3 Hyperlipoproteinemia • Accumulation of β-VLDL and chylomicron remnants • (+) Apo E2/2 (rare form of Apo E) • Laboratory findings : o Equal elevation of cholesterol and TAG o (+) β-VLDL • Clinical findings : xanthomas & premature vascular disease
• Screening test : measurement of VLDL-C/Cholesterol ratio o Reference value (VLDL-C/Cholesterol Ratio): 0.2 o Type 3 hyperlipoproteinemia : >0.3 ABETALIPOPROTEINEMIA • Bassen-Kornzweig Syndrome • Autosomal recessive disorder • Defective Apo-B synthesis o VLDL, LDL, CM are absent o Decrease cholesterol and TAG levels o Defects in absorption of vitamins A, E, K ▪ Vitamin D absorption - not chylomicron dependent • Characterized by cerebellar ataxia, acanthocytosis, fat malabsorption HYPOBETALIPOPROTEINEMIA • Defect in Apo-B gene (encodes for production of Apo-B) • Decreased : LDL, Total Cholesterol • Decreased or normal : VLDL, TAG NIEMANN-PICK DISEASE • Lipid storage disorder • Associated with accumulation of sphingomyelin in the bone marrow, spleen and lymph node. • Deficiency of Sphingomyelinase enzyme ( removes phosphoryl choline from sphingomyelin) TANGIER DISEASE • Autosomal recessive disorder • Mutation in ABCA1 gene on Chromosome #9 resulting to deficiency of ABCA1 o ABCA1 - pumping excess cholesterol from cell to HDL o ABCA1 transfers cholesterol and phospholipid from the cell into Apo A1 proteins in plasma o HDL is significantly reduced from increased catabolism ▪ HDL 1-2 mg/dL • Laboratory findings : low blood cholesterol (50-80 mg/dL) • Clinical findings : orange or yellow discoloration of the tonsils and pharynx LIPOPROTEIN LIPASE (LPL) DEFICIENCY • Rare autosomal recessive trait characterized by hyperchylomicronemia (Type I) • Mutations in LPL gene (encode production of LPL) • Inability to clear chylomicrons due to absent Lipoprotein Lipase • Laboratory findings : TAG of 10,000 mg/dL (postprandial) • Patients do not develop premature coronary heart disease • Symptomatology : o Eruptive xanthomas – fat build-up under skin surface o Lipemia retinalis – occurs when TAG exceeds 2000- 4000 mg/dL o Abdominal pain, pancreatitis - high TAG LCAT DEFICIENCY • Mutation in LCAT gene (encode production of LCAT) o Complete LCAT deficiency • Laboratory findings : o HDL-C : <10 mg/dL (due to increased HDL catabolism) o Total Cholesterol : normal or high • Clinical findings : Corneal opacity, normocytic anemia, renal failure (young adults) • Fish-eye disease – Milder form of LCAT o partial LCAT deficiency TAY SACHS DISEASE • A neurodegenerative disorder of lipid metabolism characterized by a deficiency of enzyme hexosaminidase A, which results in accumulation of sphingolipids in brain ANDERSON’S DISEASE • Chylomicron Retention Disease • Distinct from abetalipoproteinemia – only affects Apo-B48 • Laboratory findings : hypocholesterolemia • Clinical findings : fat malabsorption & low plasma lipid lvls SITOSTEROLEMIA • Autosomal recessive disorder • Mutations in ABCG8 or ABCG5 genes (Chromosome 2p21) • Phytosterols (plant sterols) are absorbed and accumulate in the plasma and peripheral tissues; cholesterol in plants • Laboratory findings : high serum LDL (mostly during childhood) FREDRICKSON-LEVY CLASSIFICATION OF HYPERLIPOPROTEINEMIA TYPE 1 HYPERLIPOPROTEINEMIA • Type 1 hyperchylomicronemia • Familial LPL deficiency • Inability to convert chylomicron to chylomicron remnant by Lipoprotein lipase • Increased : chylomicron, TAG, Apo B-48 o Serum with creamy layer on top over clear serum • Normal or increased cholesterol TYPE 2a HYPERLIPOPROTEINEMIA • A block in LDL catabolism and defective Apo-B protein that do not bind to LDL receptor. • Increased : LDL, Cholesterol, Apo-B 100 o Serum : Clear • Normal : Triglyceride TYPE 2b HYPERLIPOPROTEINEMIA • Familial combined hyperlipidemia • Most common primary hyperlipidemia • Increased : LDL, VLDL, Cholesterol, TAG, Apo B-100 o Serum : Clear to slightly turbid TYPE 3 HYPERLIPOPROTEINEMIA • Type 3 Dysbetalipoproteinemia • Presence of floating β-VLDL and IDL • Increased : IDL, β-VLDL, Total Cholesterol, Triglyceride, Apo E-II o Serum: Creamy top layer sometimes present over a turbid layer • Decreased : Apo E-III
TYPE 4 HYPERLIPOPROTEINEMIA • Hypertriglyceridemia • Inability to convert VLDL to IDL and LDL • Increased : VLDL, TAG, Apo B-100 o Serum : turbid TYPE 5 HYPERLIPOPROTEINEMIA • Associated with LPL deficiency • Inability to breakdown TAG • Increased : VLDL, TAG, Chylomicrons, Apo B-100, Apo B-48. o Cholesterol : slightly to moderately increased o Serum : turbid with creamy layer on top SUMMARY OF FREDRICKSON-LEVEY CLASSIFICATION OF HYPERLIPOPROTEINEMIA Types TAG CHOLE LDL VLDL CM ↑ APO Serum Appearance Type 1 ↑ N N N ↑ Apo B-48 Creamy layer on top of clear serum Type 2a N ↑ ↑ N N Apo B-100 Clear Type 2b ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ N Apo B- 100 Clear or slightly turbid Type 3 ↑ ↑ N ↑* N Apo E-II Creamy layer sometimes on top of turbid serum Type 4 ↑ N N ↑ N Apo B-100 Turbid Type 5 ↑ ↑ N ↑ ↑ Apo B-100, Apo B-48 Turbid with creamy layer on top • * β-VLDL •
Clinical Chemistry - 07 Lipids and Lipoproteins
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