Lecture Note
University
CollegeCourse
Medical Laboratory SciencePages
2
Academic year
2023
Carlo Mananquil
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ANALYSIS OF URINE AND OTHER BODY FLUIDS FECAL ANALYSIS OUTLINE • Introduction • Fecalysis o Importance o Components of Normal Stool o Physiology o Common Fecal Test for Diarrhea o Specimen Collection o Macroscopic Screening o Microscopic Screening o Chemical Test INTRODUCTION • Examination of feces or stool provides important information for the differential diagnosis of many gastrointestinal diseases and disorders. • Hepatic and biliary conditions as well as pancreatic diseases may also be screened through some form of fecal examination. • Today, apart from routine macroscopic and microscopic fecal analysis that is able to detect parasitic infections, the most common test performed on stool samples is for the detection of occult (hidden) blood or Fecal Occult Blood Test (FOBT) for initial screening for the presence of colorectal cancer. FOBT is recommended to be performed on all individuals 50 years or older. FECALYSIS IMPORTANCE • Early detection of gastrointestinal bleeding • Detection of liver and biliary disorders • Detection of malabsorption and maldigestion syndrome • Inflammation • Detection and identification of bacteria and parasite COMPONENTS OF NORMAL STOOL • Bacteria • Cellulose and Undigested food stuff • Gastrointestinal secretions • Bile pigments • Cells from the intestinal walls • Electrolytes • Water PHYSIOLOGY • Secretory Diarrhea - bacterial, viral and protozoan infections produce increased secretion of water and electrolytes, which override the reabsorptive activity of the large intestine. • Osmotic Diarrhea - incomplete breakdown or reabsorption of food stuffs presents increased fecal material to the large intestine resulting in the retention of water and electroytes in the large intestine. ` COMMON FECAL TEST FOR DIARRHEA Secretory Osmotic • Stool cultures • Ova & Parasite Examination • Rotavirus Immunoassay • Fecal Leukocytes • Microscopic fecal fats • Muscle fiber detection • Qualitative fecal fats • Trypsin screening • Microscopic fecal fats • Muscle fiber detection • Quantitative fecal fats • Clinitest • D-xylose tolerance test • Lactose tolerance test SPECIMEN COLLECTION • Collect the specimen with clean containers like bedpan or disposable container. • Transfer the specimen to the laboratory container. • Specimen must not be contaminated with urine or toilet water that may contain chemical disinfectant. • Containers containing preservatives for ova and parasite must not be used to collect specimens for other tests. • Random specimens for qualitative testing are usually collected in plastic or glass containers with screw-capped tops. • Timed specimens are required for quantitative testing. It is collected in paint cans. And 3-day collection is the method used. MACROSCOPIC SCREENING MACROSCOPIC EXAMINATION Volume 100-200g/day Color Light-dark brown Odor Offensive (due to indole & skatole) Form and consistency Soft and Well-formed Reaction Alkaline : Increase protein in diet Acidic : Increase vegetables, CHO, and fats in the diet
VARIATION IN COLOR Color Possible cause Black • Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding • Iron therapy • Charcoal • Bismuth (antacids) Red • Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding • Beets and food coloring • Rifampin & Pyridium Compounds Pale Yellow, White, Gray • Bile-duct obstruction • Barium sulfate Yellow • Milk diet • Intake of Rhubarb Green • Biliverdin/Oral Antibiotics • Green vegetables VARIATION IN ODOR Odor Possible Cause Extremely Foul Increase CHON putrefaction Putrid Ulcerated malignant tumors of the lower vowels and in large hemorrhage Sour/Rancid Increase CHO fermentation VARIATION IN CONSISTENCY Consistency Possible Cause Soft &Watery Diarrhea Hard & Scybalous (like goat droppings) Spastic Constipation Gaseous/Fermentative Excessive CHO fermentation Pea soup Early Typhoid Rice watery Cholera Flattened/Ribbon-like Intestinal constriction Bulky/Frothy Bile-duct obstruction Pancreatic disorders Mucus/Blood-streaked mucus Colitis Dysentery Malignancy Constipation MICROSCOPIC SCREENING • Body Cells o Few epithelial cells o RBC - lesions of colon, rectum or anus; in case of amoebiasis o WBC ▪ ulcerative condition ▪ bacillary dysentery ▪ other inflammatory states o Macrophage ▪ amoebiasis ▪ ulcerative colitis ▪ bacillary dysentery • Crystals o Normal Crystals ▪ Triple phosphate ▪ Calcium oxalate ▪ Fatty acids crystals o Abnormal Crystals ▪ Charcot-leyden crystals ▪ Hematoidin • Parasite • Vegetable spiral, vegetable hair, vegetable cell, fecal debris • Fecal Fats - triglyceride, fatty acid salts, fatty acids, cholesterol • Muscle fibers o Undigested - visible vertical & horizontal o Partially digested - 1 direction of striation o Digested - no visible striation CHEMICAL TESTS SUMMARY OF FECAL SCREENING TESTS Test Methodology/Principle Interpretation Examination for Neutrophils Microscopic count of neutrophils in smear stained with Methelene blue, Gram stain, or Wright’s stain 3/hpf indicated condition affecting intestinal wall Qualitative fecal fats Microscopic examination of direct smear stained with Sudan III Microscopic examination of smear heated with acetic acid & Sudan III 60 large orange-red droplets indicates malabsorption 100 orange-red droplets measuring 6-75 µm indicates malabsorption Occult Blood Pseudoperoxidase activity of hemoglobin liberates O ₂ from Hydrogen peroxide to oxidize guaiac reagent Blue color indicates gastrointestinal bleeding Apt Test Addition of Sodium Hydroxide to hemoglobin-containing emulsion determines presence of maternal or fetal blood Pink color indicates presence of fetal blood Trypsin Emulsified specimen placed on X-ray paper determines ability to digest gelatin Inability to digest gelatin indicates lack of trypsin Clinitest Addition of Clinitest tablet to emulsified stool detects presence of reducing substances Reaction of 0.5 g/dl reducing substances suggests CHO intolerance
Urinalysis and other Body Fluids - Fecal Analysis
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