Lecture Note
Wireless multi path communication and analysis of complex channel coefficient In wireless system, multiple components of the signal will reach at the receiver through different path. It includes direct line of sight path, scattered path, diffracted path and reflected path. The signal used for detection will be recovered from the total signal received. In the receiver, due to multipath propagation, multiple copies of same transmitted signal will reach. It will have two issues 1. Each signal will have different power or magnitude 2. Compared to line of sight signal, other signal will have delay. Let us consider the i th path between the transmitter and receiver, 𝑎 𝑖 represents the amplitude and 𝜏 𝑖 represents the delay. Consider a system with L number of paths, the following figure represents the power delay profile of the system. The x-axis represents the delay and y axis represents the received signal power. Let the channel is modeled as a linear time invariant (LTI) channel. Then the impulse response is ℎ(𝑡) = ∑ 𝑎 𝑖 𝛿(𝑡 − 𝜏 𝑖 ) 𝐿−1 𝑖=0 (1) Where 𝛿(𝑡) is unit impulse function. The input signal x(t) is represented as
𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑠 𝑏 (𝑡)exp (𝑗2π𝑓 𝑐 𝑡) (2) The output, y(t) is the convolution of x(t) and impulse response of the channel. 𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑥(𝑡) ⊗ ℎ(𝑡) (3) ⊗ - represents convolution operator. Substitute equation (1) and (2) in equation (3) 𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑅𝑒{𝑠 𝑏 (𝑡)exp (𝑗2π𝑓 𝑐 𝑡)} ⊗ ∑ 𝑎 𝑖 𝛿(𝑡 − 𝜏 𝑖 ) 𝐿−1 𝑖=0 (4) = 𝑅𝑒{∑ 𝑎 𝑖 𝑠 𝑏 (𝑡 − 𝜏 𝑖 )exp (𝑗2π𝑓 𝑐 (𝑡 − 𝜏 𝑖 )) 𝐿−1 𝑖=0 } (5) After demodulation 𝑦(𝑡) becomes 𝑦 𝑏 (𝑡) 𝑦 𝑏 (𝑡) = ∑ 𝑎 𝑖 𝑠 𝑏 (𝑡 − 𝜏 𝑖 )exp (−𝑗2π𝑓 𝑐 𝜏 𝑖 ) 𝐿−1 𝑖=0 (6) i.e., high frequency term, exp (2π𝑓 𝑐 𝑡) is eliminated. In equation (6), when 𝜏 𝑖 is very small 𝑠 𝑏 (𝑡 − 𝜏 𝑖 ) ≅ 𝑠 𝑏 (𝑡) So 𝑦 𝑏 (𝑡) = 𝑠 𝑏 (𝑡) ∑ 𝑎 𝑖 exp (−𝑗2π𝑓 𝑐 𝜏 𝑖 ) 𝐿−1 𝑖=0 (7) 𝑦 𝑏 (𝑡) = 𝑠 𝑏 (𝑡). ℎ (8) Here ℎ is complex fading coefficient. i.e., ℎ = ∑ 𝑎 𝑖 exp (−𝑗2π𝑓 𝑐 𝜏 𝑖 ) 𝐿−1 𝑖=0 , For example, when L = 2 , 𝑎 0 = 𝑎 0 = 1 , 𝜏 𝑖 = 1 𝑓 𝑐 , ℎ = 𝑎 0 + 𝑎 1 exp (−𝑗2π𝑓 𝑐 . 1 𝑓 𝑐 ) = 1+ exp (−𝑗2π) , here exp (−𝑗2π) = cos(2π) − 𝑗 sin(2π) = 1 ℎ = 1 + 1 = 2 , i.e., constructive interference occurs from complex fading coefficient. Similarly destructive interference occurs when 𝜏 𝑖 = 1 2𝑓 𝑐 .
Multipath Channel Coefficient Analysis
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