Lecture Note
ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LABORATORY VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS: REDOX TITRATION OXIDIZING AND REDUCING AGENTS INTRODUCTION • What are the 3 subatomic particles? Proton, Neutron, Electron • The charge of an electron is negative • A positively charged ion. Cation • Cations are formed due to _____ of electrons, becoming _____ charged. lose; positively • The charge of an atom is generally neutral/zero THE ELECTRON THEORY OF MATTER • An atom is composed of; o Proton (+) o Neutron o Electron (-) • Oxidation o Valence/charge (before) = 0 o Loses e- o Valence/charge (after) = +1 o 0 → +1 Valence INCREASE due to LOSS of electron o V alence I ncrease L oss of E lectrons • Reduction o Valence/charge (before) = 0 o Gains e- o Valence/charge (after) = -1 o 0 → -1 Valence DECREASE due to Gain of electron o V alence D ecrease G ain of E lectrons OXIDATION-REDUCTION (REDOX) REACTIONS • Electrons are transferred from one reactant to another. Reactants Product Ce 4+ + Fe 2+ ⇌ Ce 3+ + Fe 3+ OA RA RA OA o Ce 4+ ⇌ Ce 3+ +4 → +3 Valence Decrease dure o gain of electron How many electrons gained? One Where will you place this one e- in the equation? Left or right? Try to figure out where to place -1 to balance +4 -1 = +3. Left Side Ce 4+ + e - ⇌ Ce 3+ V alence D ecrease G ain of E lectrons R eduction O xidizing A gent o Fe 2+ ⇌ Fe 3+ +2 → +3 Valence Increase due to loss of electrons How many electron/s is/are lost? One Where will you place this one e- in the equation? Left or right? Try to figure out where to place -1 to balance +2 = +3 -1 . right side Fe 2+ ⇌ Fe 3+ + e - V alence I ncrease L oss of E lectrons O xidation R educing A gent • Involves a change in valence of the reactants • Sample Problems o Identify the oxidizing and reducing agentsin the reactants of the reaction: 2Ag + + Cu(s) ⇌ 2Ag(s) + Cu 2+ OA RA ▪ Cu(s) ⇌ Cu 2+ (0) (+2) Atoms in elemental form have zero valence Valence Increase Loss of Electron (2e-) f eq depends on the no. of e- lost or gained f eq = 2 Oxidation Cu is a Reducing Agent ▪ Ag+ is an oxidizing agent while Cu (s) is a reducing agent o Identify if elemental zinc is an O.A. or R.A., and determine the number of e- gain or lost. Zn(s) ⇌ Zn 2+ (0) (+2) Valence Increase 0 → +2 Loss of Electron 0 → +2 + 2e- (f eq = 2) Oxidation Zn(s) ⇌ Zn 2+ + 2e- Zn is a Reducing agent; elemental Zn is a reducing agent , w/ 2e- lost upon rxn OXIDATION-REDUCTION ANALYSIS OXIDATION-REDUCTION ANALYSIS • Analysis that involves a change in valence of the reacting substances • Commonly seen between electrolytes in aqueous solutions • It is always accompanied by a transfer of electrons • Oxidation-Reduction o VILEORA ▪ V alence I ncrease due to L oss of E lectrons is known as O xidation reaction, the substance is said to be a R educing A gent o VDGEROA ▪ V alence D ecrease due to G ain of E lectrons is known as R eduction reaction, the substance is said to be a O xidizing A gent OXIDATION • There are three definitions you can use for oxidation: o The loss of electrons ▪ Na(S) → Na + + e- o The gain of oxygen ▪ Burning of Coal - C(s) + O 2 (g) → CO 2 ▪ Rusting of Iron - 2Fe(s) + 3 O 2 (g) → 2Fe 2 O 3 (s) o The loss of hydrogen ▪ CH 3 OH(l) → CH 2 O(l) + H2(g)
REDUCTION • Like oxidation, there are three definitions you can use to describe reduction: o The gain of electrons ▪ Ag+ + e- → Ag o The loss of oxygen ▪ Fe 2 O 3 (s) + 3CO(g) → 2Fe(s) + 3 CO 2 (g) o The gain of hydrogen ▪ CO(g) + 2H 2 (g) → CH 3 OH(l) OXIDIZING AGENTS • Potassium permanganate - 5e • Potassium dichromate - 6e • Ceric sulfate - 1e • Iodine solution - 2e • Potassium bromate - 6e REDUCING AGENTS • Ferrous ammonium sulfate - 1e • Sodium oxalate - 2e • Arsenic trioxide - 4e • Titanium chloride - 1e • Sodium thiosulfate - 2e PERMANGANOMETRY • Advantages o Standardized easily o Retain its concentration over long periods of time o Rapid reactions o Does not need an indicator • Preparation and standardization o Sodium oxalate – primary standard o End-point – permanent pink color PERMANGANATE TITRATIONS • Direct PT o Assay of H2O2 Solution • Indirect PT o Assay of Cherry Juice for Malic Acid • Residual PT o Assay of Sodium Nitrite CERIMETRY • Advantages o Cerous ion is colorless so it does not obscure the indicator end-point o React quantitatively with oxalate or arsenite ion o Stable even on boiling o No intermediate products are formed in the reduction of ceric ion o High concentrations of chloride ions are not oxidized by ceric salts so that ferrous ion can be determined in the presence of chlorides o Ferrous phenanthroline ion (ferroin) is a very satisfactory indicator IODIMETRY • Method of titration: Direct • Analyte: Reducing agents • Titrant: 0.1N Iodine solution • Indicator: Starch TS • End-point: Blue color IODOMETRY • Method of titration: Indirect • Analyte: Oxidizing agents • Titrant: 0.1N Sodium thiosulfate • Indicator: Starch TS • End-point: Disappearance of blue color • Starch Test Solution o Freshly prepared prior to use o It is prepared by dissolving 1 gram starch in 10 mL cold water, adding it to 200 mL boiling water, stir constantly o Components ▪ Alpha-amylose (amylopectin) – insoluble starch ▪ Beta-amylose – soluble starch + iodine = blue BROMINE TITRATIONS • 0.1N Bromine solution which is also known as “Koppeschaar’s solution” • The solution contains an equivalent amount of potassium bromate and excess potassium bromide, bromine is liberated when the solution is acidified • It is an alternative for iodine solution for the assay of compounds like aniline, phenol and resorcinol POTASSIUM IODATE TITRATIONS • 0.05M Potassium iodate solution • It is an oxidizing agent used for the titration of iodides, arsenites and other reducing agents • The method depends upon the formation of iodine monochloride in strong hydrochloric acid solution DIAZOTIZATION ASSAYS WITH NITRITE • 0.1M Sodium nitrite • Useful for the assay of sulfa and arylamino group other compounds containing an by diazotization with nitrite PREPARATION AND STANDARDIZATION OF 0.1 N POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE OXIDATION-REDUCTION (REDOX) REACTIONS • Electrons are transferred from one reactant to another Ce 4+ + Fe 2+ ⇌ Ce 3+ + Fe 3+ o Ce 4+ ⇌ Ce 3+ Valence Decrease - Gains e- (-1) V alence D ecrease G ain of E lectrons R eduction O xidizing A gent o Fe 2+ ⇌ Fe 3+ Valence Increase - Loses e- (-1) V alence I ncrease L oss of E lectrons O xidation R educing A gent • Involves a change in valence of the reactants PERMANGANOMETRY • Permanganate Titrations • Uses KMnO4 standard solutions o Standardized easily o Retains concentration over long periods
o Sodium oxalate as suitable primary standard. ▪ Sodium oxalate + H 2 SO 4 → Oxalic acid • Reactions process becomes more rapidly over time (AUTOCATALYSIS) 2MnO 4 - + 5H 2 C 2 O 4 2- + 6H + ⇌ 2Mn 2+ + 10CO 2 + 8H 2 O • Self-indicator : o Very slight excess of KMnO4 imparts distinct pink color STANDARDIZATION OF 0.1 N KMnO4 • Type and Methods: Direct permanganometry • Titrant: 0.1 N KMnO 4 • Stock Solution: 0.1 N KMnO 4 • Primary Standard: Sodium Oxalate (Na 2 C 2 O 4 ) • Indicator: none • Endpoint: pink color • Results: • Working Equations: o MW Na 2 C 2 O 4 = 134.00 g/mol o f eq = 2 o MEQ wt = MW / f eq x 1000 o N = g / MEQ wt. x mL ASSAY OF HYDROGEN PEROXIDE CONTENT IN AGUA OXIGENADA SOLUTION DIRECT REDOX TITRATIONS • Titrant: OXIDIZING agent • Titrand: REDUCING agent * and vice versa • Example : o Titrant: KMnO4 → OXIDIZING agent o Titrand: Na2C2O4 → REDUCING agent STANDARD SOLUTIONS USED IN OFFICIAL ASSAYS OXIDIZING AGENTS REDUCING AGENTS Ferric ammonium sulfate Ferrous ammonium sulfate Potassium permanganate Oxalic acid Potassium dichromate Potassium arsenite Potassium bromate Titanium (III) chloride Potassium iodate Sodium thiosulfate Potassium ferricyanide Ceric sulfate Iodine Bromine “AGUA OXIGENADA” SOLUTIONS • Active ingredient: o Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) • Available in o 3% (10 volumes) ▪ Red bottle ▪ Used as antiseptic o 6% (20 volumes) ▪ Blue bottle ▪ Used as bleaching agent ASSAY OF HYDROGEN PEROXIDE CONTENT IN AGUA OXIGENADA SOLUTION • Type and Methods: Direct permanganometry • Titrant: 0.1 N KMnO 4 • Standard Solution: 0.1 N KMnO 4 • Analyte: Hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) • Indicator: none • Endpoint: pink color • USP Limit: 2.5 to 3.5% • 2MnO 4 - + 5H 2 O 2 - + 6H + ⇌ 2Mn 2+ + 5O 2 + 8H 2 O o Potassium permanganate → Oxidizing agent o Hydrogen Peroxide → Reducing agent • Results : • Working Equations : o MW H 2 O 2 = 34.01 g/mol o f eq = 2 o MEQ wt = MW / f eq x 1000 o %A = mL x N x MEQ wt. x 100 mL PREPARATION AND STANDARDIZATION OF 0.1 N IODINE IODINE SOLUTION • A weak oxidizing agent o Primary used for determination of strong reducing agents • Iodine crystals are NOT very water soluble (1g:2950 mL) o Potassium iodide (KI) is added as solubilizing agent. • I 2 (s) + I - ⇌ I 3- • Iodimetry o Involves direct titration using iodine as a titrant (standard solution) STANDARDIZATION OF 0.1 N IODINE • Type and Methods: Iodimetry • Titrant: 0.1 N Iodine • Stock Solution: 0.1 N Iodine • Primary Standard: Arsenic Trioxide (As 2 O 3 ) • Indicator: Starch • Endpoint: Blue- black color * β-amylose – soluble starch ** α-amylose (amylopectin)- insoluble
• Results • Working Equations o MW As 2 O 3 = 197.84 g/mol o f eq = 4 o MEQ wt = MW / f eq x 1000 o N = g / MEQ wt. x mL ASSAY OF ASCORBIC ACID ASCORBIC ACID (C 6 H 8 O 6 ) • a white to very pale yellow crystalline powder with a pleasant sharp acidic taste, almost odorless • A fairly strong reducing agent ASSAY OF ASCORBIC ACID • Type and Method: Direct Iodometry • Titrant: 0.1 N Iodine • Standard Solution: 0.1 N Iodine (Ex. 13) • Analyte: Ascorbic Acid (C 6 H 8 O 6 ) • Indicator: Starch • Endpoint: Blue-black color • USP Limit: 99.0 to 100.5% • Results • Assay of Ascorbic acid by Iodimetry o Titrant/ Standard solution: ▪ Iodine ▪ OXIDIZING agent o Titrand/ Analyte: ▪ Ascorbic acid ▪ REDUCING agent • Working Equations : o MW C 6 H 8 O 6 = 176.12 g/mol o f eq = 2 o MEQ wt = MW / f eq x 1000 o %A = mL x N x MEQ wt. x 100 mL SAMPLE PROBLEMS REDOX REDOX SAMPLE PROBLEM 1 • If a 0.2500 g sample of sodium oxalate required 32.4 mL of the permanganate solution, what will be the normality of potassium permanganate? Na2C2O4 = 2(23) + 2(12) + 4(16) MEQ = 134/2000 = 0.067 N = 0.2500 g = 0.1152 N 32.4(0.067) 0.1264N; 0.2561g; v=? V = 0.2561 = 30.2mL 0.1264(0.067) 0.1186N; 29.9mL; wt. ? wt. = 0.1186(29.9)(0.067) = 0.2376 g REDOX SAMPLE PROBLEM 2 • A 0.2295 g sample of sodium oxalate, 98% pure, required 35.1 mL of potassium permanganate solution in a titration. What is the normality of the permanganate solution? N = 0.2295g (98%) = 0.0956 N 35.1mL (0.067) (100%) 0.0956N; 36.3mL; 99%; wt.=? wt. = 0.0956N (36.3mL) (0.067) (100%) = 0.2349g 99% 0.0956N; 0.2418g; 98.3%; v=? V = 0.2418g (98.3%) = 37.1 mL 0.0956N (0.067) (100%)
Fundamentals of Redox Titration and Analytical Chemistry
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