Lecture Note
HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY LECTURE CHAPTER 5 - INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM INTEGUMENARY SYSTEM • Integument - covering • Components o Skin o Hair o Nails o Glands • Functions o Protection - water loss, microbes, UV light o Sensation - hot, cold, pain, pressure o Temperature regulation - helps maintain homeostasis o Excretion - removes waste o Vitamin D production - UV light stimulates production • Skin o Weighs 9 lbs. o Used to determine body fat o 2 main regions: epidermis and dermis EPIDERMIS • 1 st major skin region (outside) • Composed of stratified squamous epithelium • Keratinization o process in which new cells (with keratin) push old cells to surface o 940-56 days for new cells to reach surface • Strata of Epidermis o Stratum corneum ▪ outermost layer of epidermis ▪ 20-30 layers of dead squamous cells filled with keratin ▪ accounts for 75% of epidermal thickness ▪ dandruff is this layer flaking off scalp o Callus - forms when stratum corneum has frequent friction o Stratum basale o deepest layer of epidermis o single layer of cells o firmly attached to dermis DERMIS • 2 nd major skin region • Dense connective tissue • Contains collagen and elastic fibers • Contains fibroblasts, nerve endings, smooth muscle, glands, blood vessels, and hair follicles • Cleavage lines o area where skin is most resistant to stretching o due to orientation of collagen fibers o important in scarring • Layers of Dermis o Papillary layer - thin connective tissue layer that contains blood vessels ▪ Dermal papillae • projections that extend up into epidermis • remove waste and help regulate body temp. • ridged on hands and feet (fingerprints) • pattern is genetically determined o Reticular layer o deepest layer of dermis o accounts for 80% of dermis HYPODERMIS • Below dermis • Foundation of skin • Attaches skin to underlying muscle and bone • Contains loose and adipose tissue • Contains ½ of body’s fat • Body fat for females 20-23%, males 13-25% SKIN CLOR AND VARIATIONS • Determined by: o pigments o genetics o blood circulation o thickness of stratum corneum • Melanocytes of darker skinned people produce more and darker melanin than fairer skinned people • All races have same number of melanocytes
SKIN PIGMENTS • Melanin o produced by melanocytes o ranges from yellow to reddish-brown to black o responsible for hair and eye color o provides protection against UV light o amt. produced determined by genetics, UV light, hormones o freckles - accumulation of melanin o albinism - absence of melanin • Carotene o yellow-orange pigment found in plants o accumulates in stratum corneum • Hemoglobin o gives pinkish-red color o found in red blood cells • Tanning and Sunburns o Exposure to UV light stimulates melanocytes to increase production of melanin o Melanin builds up to help protect skin against UV radiation (tan) o A sunburn is the skin reacting to UV exposure o UV light causes elastic fibers to clump and become leathery o UV light can alter DNA in cells causing them to mutate (cancer) • Skin Color and Disease o Redness - fever, hypertension, inflammation, allergies o Pallor - anemia or low blood pressure o Jaundice - liver disorder (yellow) o Bronzing - Addison’s disease (kidney disease) o Bruising - broken blood vessels HAIR • Hair/shaft - flexible strands of keratinized cells • Root - below skin (scalp) • Hair Bulb - base of root; where hair is produced • Hair Follicle- group of cells that surround root and bulb; gives hair different shapesfgh • How is hair produced? o Hair is produced in hair bulb o Hair bulb rests on blood vessels to supply it with nutrients o Hair grows longer as cells are added to base of hair bulb • Hair Facts o Testosterone and good nutrition promote hair growth o Growth occurs in cycles: active and resting o Scalp hair grows for 3 years and rests for 1 year o Eyelashes grow for 30 days and rest for 105 days o We lose about 90 scalp hairs/day o Grey hair is the loss or fading of melanin o Male pattern baldness is from the loss of the hair follicle • Hair Muscles o Arrector Pili: ▪ smooth muscle that surrounds each hair follicle ▪ contracts and hair stands on end (goose bumps) • Glands o Sebaceous glands ▪ connected to hair follicle ▪ sebum - oily substance that lubricates hair and skin to prevent drying o Eccrine sweat glands ▪ all over body and open into sweat pores ▪ water and salt secretions o Apocrine sweat glands: ▪ open into hair follicle ▪ only in armpits and genitalia ▪ thick, rich secretions ▪ become active during puberty and cause body odor NAILS • thin plate with layers of dead stratum corneum cells with hard keratin • Nail Structure o Nail body - visual part o Nail root - covered by skin o Cuticle - stratum corneum that extends into nail body o Nail matrix - continuation of nail root; gives rises to most of nail o Nail bed - attaches to nail and is distal to nail matrix o Lunula - part of nail matrix; whitish, crescent shaped area; base of nail VITAMIN D PRODUCTION 1. UV light causes skin to produce a precursor molecule of vitamin D 2. Precursor is carried by blood to liver where it is modified 3. Next to kidneys where it is modified again to form active vitamin D
• Vitamin D o can also be ingested through fish oils, fortified milk, eggs, and butter. o stimulates intestine to absorb calcium and phosphate (bone growth and muscle function) TEMPERATURE REGULATION • Body temp. should be 98.6 o C • Rate of chemical reactions (metabolism) is altered by changes in temp. • To cool body: o blood vessels in dermis dilate and heat is transferred from deep in tissues to skin and sweat is produced • Too heat body: o blood vessels constrict to reduce blood flow to skin and heat is retained AGING AND THE INTEGUMENT • Blood flow decreases and skin becomes thinner due to decreased amounts of collagen • Decreased activity of sebaceous and sweat glands make temperature regulation more difficult • Loss of elastic fibers cause skin to sag and wrinkle BURNS • 1 st degree: o damages only epidermis o redness, slight swelling, pain o heals within 2-3 days (usually no scar) o includes sunburns or exposure to cold • 2 nd degree: o damages epidermis and upper dermis o redness, swelling, pain, blisters o heals in 2 weeks with some scarring • 3 rd degree: o destroys epidermis and dermis o burned areas are cherry red to black o nerve endings are destroyed o skin graft might be necessary SKIN CANCER • Most common cancer • Mainly caused by UV light exposure • Fair-skinned people more prone • Prevented by limiting sun exposure and using sunscreens • UVA rays cause tan and is associated with malignant melanomas • UVB rays cause sunburns • Sunscreens should block UVA and UVB rays • Basal cell carcinoma: o cells in stratum basale affected o cancer removed by surgery • Squamous cell carcinoma: o cells above stratum basale affected o can cause death • Malignant melanoma: o arises from melanocytes in a mole o rare type o can cause death
Skin and Its Functions: Layers, Pigments, Glands, and More
Please or to post comments