Lecture Note
HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY LECTURE CHAPTER 3 - CELL BIOLOGY CELL • Functions o Basic unit of life o Synthesis of molecules o Communication o Cell metabolism and energy release o Reproduction and inheritance (DNA) • Cell Structure o Organelles - specialized structures in cells that perform specific functions; Ex. Nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, etc. o Cytoplasm - jelly-like substance that holds organelles; cytosol with organelles o Cytosol - liquid portion CELL MEMBRANE • Outermost component of a cell • Selective barrier • Encloses cytoplasm • Extracellular - material outside cell • Intracellular - material inside cell • Structure o Called Fluid Mosaic Model o Made of phospholipids and proteins o Phospholipids form a double layer or bilayer o Phospholipids contain 2 regions: polar and nonpolar o Polar regions: ▪ “heads” ▪ hydrophilic (H 2 O loving) ▪ exposed to H 2 O o Nonpolar regions: ▪ “tails” ▪ hydrophobic (H 2 O fearing) ▪ away from H 2 O • Movement through Cell Membrane o Cell membrane selectively determines what can pass in and out of the cell. o Enzymes, glycogen, and potassium are found in higher concentrations inside the cell. o Sodium, calcium, and chloride are found in higher concentrations outside the cell. • Ways Molecules Pass through Cell Membrane o Directly through (diffusion): ▪ O 2 and CO 2 (small molecules) o Membrane channels: ▪ proteins that extend from one side of cell membrane to other ▪ size, shape, and charge (+/-) determine what can go through ▪ Ex. Na + passes through Na + channels o Carrier molecules: ▪ bind to molecules, transport them across, and drop them off ▪ Ex. glucose o Vesicles: ▪ can transport a variety of materials ▪ fuse with cell membrane DIFFUSION • Movement of molecules from areas of high to low concentration • Solution - solid, liquid, or gas that contains one or more solutes • Solute - substance added to solvent that dissolves • Solvent - substance such as H 2 O that solute is being added to • Ex. Add salt to H 2 O. H 2 O =solvent, salt=solute, mixture=solution • Concentration gradient o measures conc. difference at 2 points o greater the distance the faster the solute will travel • Filtration - movement of fluid through a partition with holes MEDIATED TRANSPORT MECHANISMS • Facilitated diffusion: o diffusion with aid of a carrier molecule o requires no ATP • Active transport: o moves substances from low to high conc. o requires ATP o Ex. Sodium-potassium pump • Osmosis o diffusion of water across a cell membrane o Osmotic pressure - force required to prevent movement of water across cell membrane o Types of Osmotic Solutions: ▪ Hypotonic solution: • lower conc. of solutes outside cell
• higher conc. of H 2 O outside cell • H 2 O moves into cell • lysis (burst) ▪ Hypertonic solution: • higher conc. of solutes outside cell • higher conc. H 2 O inside cell • H 2 O moves out • crenation (shrinks) ▪ Isotonic solution: • equal conc. of solutes • water doesn’t move • cell remains intact • Endocytosis o process that brings materials into cell using vesicles o Phagocytosis - cell eating (solid particles) o Pinocytosis - cell drinking (liquid particles) • Exocytosis o process that carries materials out of cell using vesicles CELL STRUCTURES • Cytoplasm o Location: inside cell o Characteristic: jelly-like fluid o Function: give cell shape and hold organelles in place • Nucleus o center of cell o all cells contain nucleus at some point o houses DNA • Nuclear envelope: o edge of nucleus • Nuclear pores: o surface of nucleus o where materials pass in and out of nucleus • Chromosome: o inside nucleus o made of DNA and proteins o part of genetic makeup • Chromatin: o inside nucleus o loosely coiled chromosomes • Nucleolus o in nucleus o produce ribosomes • Ribosome o attached to RER or cytoplasm o produce proteins • RER (Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum) o cytoplasm o membranes with ribosomes attached o site of protein synthesis • SER (Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum) o in cytoplasm o membranes with no ribosomes o site of lipid synthesis (Ex. Cholesterol) • Golgi apparatus o in cytoplasm o closely, packed stacks of membranes o collect, sort, package, and distribute proteins and lipids • Secretory vesicle o in cytoplasm o distributes materials out of cell • Lysosome o in cytoplasm o enzymes that digest foreign material • Mitochondria o in cytoplasm o contains folds (cristae) o produces ATP • Cilia o cell surface o many per cell o move materials across cell’s surface • Flagella o cell surface o 1 per cell o move cell, Ex. sperm
• Microvilli o cell surface o shorter than cilia o increase surface area • Cytoskeleton o cell’s framework made of proteins o provide support o hold organelles in place o enable cell to change shape o Microtubules: ▪ largest diameter ▪ provide structural support ▪ form cilia and flagella o Intermediate filaments: ▪ medium diameter ▪ maintain cell shape o Microfilaments: ▪ smallest diameter ▪ involved in cell movement WHOLE CELL ACTIVITY • A cell’s characteristics are determined by the type of proteins produced • Proteins’ function is determined by genetics • Information in DNA provides the cell with a code for its cellular processes • DNA o double helix in nucleus o composed of nucleotides o contains 5 carbon sugar (deoxyribose, nitrogen base, phosphate) • Flow of Genetic Information o Also called Central Dogma o Occurs in three stages: ▪ DNA replication ▪ Transcription ▪ Translation • Gene Expression o information in DNA directs protein synthesis o proteins provide code for gene expression o enzymes regulate chemical reactions o uses transcription and translation o Transcription ▪ process by which DNA is “read” ▪ occurs in ribosomes ▪ produces mRNA (messenger RNA) ▪ mRNA contains codons ▪ codons - set of 3 nucleotide bases that code for a particular amino acid o Translation ▪ process by mRNA is converted into amino acids (polypeptides) ▪ produces proteins ▪ codons pair with anticodons ▪ anticodons - 3 nucleotide bases carried by tRNA CELL DIVISION • formation of 2 daughter cells from single parent cell • uses mitosis and meiosis • each cell (except sperm and egg) contains 46 chromosomes ( diploid) • sperm and egg contain 23 chromosomes • Mitosis o cell division occurs in all cells except sex cells o forms 2 daughter cells o Chromatid - 2 strands of chromosomes that are genetically identical o Centromere - where 2 chromatids are connected o Centrioles - small organelle composed of 9 triplets o Stages in Mitosis ▪ Interphase: • time between cell divisions • DNA is in strands (chromatin) • DNA replication occurs ▪ Prophase: • chromatin condenses into chromosomes • centrioles move to opposite ends ▪ Metaphase: • chromosomes align ▪ Anaphase: • chromatids separate to form 2 sets of chromosomes • chromosomes move towards centrioles ▪ Telophase: • chromosomes disperse • nuclear envelopes and nucleoli form • cytoplasm divides to form 2 cells
Cell Biology Essentials: Structure, Transport, and Division
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