Lecture Note
Biology – Nutrition Nutrition is the assimilation and absorption of nutrients, which are raw materials and mineral ions containing energy for growth and tissue repair. ● provides energy and keep us warm ● provides raw materials for growth and repair ● maintains health and regulates metabolism ● obtain food from other organisms – mode of nutrition : heterotrophic nutrition Primary Food Substances (essential to life) Carbohydrates 1. Monosaccharides ● simplest form of carbohydrates ● small and soluble in water ● have reducing power (can’t be oxidised) ● immediate source of energy ● eg. glucose, fructose, galactose 2. Disaccharides ● formed by condensation—the joining of two monosaccharide molecules—in the presenceof an enzyme. ● during condensation, one water molecule is released ● can be broken down into monosaccharides through hydrolysis ● sweet and soluble in water ● have reducing power except sucrose ● provide energy ● eg. glucose + fructose -> sucrose + water ● glucose + galactose -> lactose + water ● glucose + glucose -> maltose + water 3. Polysaccharides ● long chain of monosaccharides joined together ● eg. starch : food storage in plant ● glycogen : food storage in animal -> muscle and liver ● cellulose : structural component in plant ● the most complex form of carbohydrates ● large and insoluble in water ● have no reducing power ● food storage in plants and animals ● strucutral components (eg. cell wall) Test for reducing sugars using Benedict’s test 1. mix equal volumes of glucose solution and Benedict’s solution 2. put the mixture in a hot water bath for 5 minutes 3. brick red precipitate indicates the presence of reducing sugar ; blue solution indicates theabsence of reducing sugar Functions of carbohydrates ● main energy source ● eg. glucose undergoes respiration to release energy ● cellulose as dietary fibre – no energy value but can prevent constipation
● storage of energy – glycogen is stored in liver and muscles , some excess carbohydrateswill be converted into fats which is stored under skin or around some internal organs Fats ● insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents ● semi solid form -> fats ● liquid form -> oils Functions of fats ● as a food reserve and stored in adipose tissues (under skin) ● subcutaneous fat reduces heat loss ● as a shock absorber for protection ● help transport fat-sluble vitamins A and vitamin D ● important in forming cell membranes Emulsion Test (Emulsification) 1. shake some of the test sample with about 4 cm3 of ethanol 2. decant the liquid into a test tube of water, leaving any undissolved substances behind 3. tiny oil droplets in water and colourless solution to cloudy white emulsion Spot Test 1. take a filter paper 2. drop an oil droplet onto the pater 3. wait for 10 minutes 4. a permanent translucent spot is left Proteins ● basic units : amino acids ● functional grous : amino and carboxyl ● two amino acids condense to form a dipeptide ● a peptide bond is formed to link two amino acids ● 12 non-essential amino acids – can be produced in the body ● 8 essential amino acids – must be obtained from food ● soluble in water ● denatured at high temperatures and extreme pH values ● excess amino acids cannot be store – converted into urea through deamination Functions of proteins ● for growth and repair – important to new body cells, important component of cell membranes and cytoplasm ● used to make enzymes, hormones, antibodies, haemoglobin ● serve as a source of energy and heat Biuret Test 1. put 2 cm3 of sample into a clean test tube 2. add 2 cm3 of dilute sodium hydroxide to test tube and shake well 3. add drops of copper sulphate solution and shake the test tube after each drop is added 4. a colour change from blue to violet indicates the presence of proteins Vitamins ● organic food substance ● needed in small amounts ● no energy value ● help control various metabolic reactions ● for maintaining good health
Vitamin C ● for healing of wounds ● the synthesis and repair of connective tissues ● deficiency diseases : scurvy, bleeding gums ● present in citric fruits and green vegetables Vitamin D ● helps the absorption of calcium and phosphorus in small intestine ● fat soluble ● the uptake of calcium and phosphate ions from blood into the cells ● the formation of bones and teeth ● deficiency diseases : rickets in young children, bone fractures in elderlies ● present in milk, cheese, fish-liver oil, egg yolk, sunlight (produced by skin) Minerals ● inorganic food substances ● needed in small amounts ● no energy value ● important in regulating metabolism and building body tissues ● for maintaining good health Calcium ● for formation of bones and teeth ● for blood clotting ● for muscle contraction ● deficiency diseases : rickets, bleeding ● present in dairy products Iron ● to make haemoglobin ● menstruation ● deficiency disease : anaemia ● present in green leafy vegetables, liver, red meat Dietary Fibre ● known as roughage ● consists mainly of cellulose from the cell walls of vegetables and fruits ● cannot be digested in human since we have no such enzyme ● adds bulk to undigested food passing through the intestines, maintaining peristalsis ● stimulates muscular movements along the alimentary canal (peristalsis) ● prevents constipation and bowel cancer Water ● inorganic food substance ● no energy value ● prevents dehydration ● main composition of the body ● dissolve substances as a solvent ● a component of blood and body fluid for transporting ● provides a medium for chemical reaction to take place ● helps to regulate body temperature ● dilutes waste products and poisonous substances ● contributes to urine formation
Biology - Nutrition
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