Lecture Note
Partial Fractions A rational function ( ) ( ) ( ) can be expressed as a sum of simpler fractions, called Partial Fractions. 1. Improper rational function degree of ( ) degree of ( ) In the case , we must first perform long division to rewrite the quotient ( ) ( ) in the form ( ) ( ) ( ) . Example Transform the following fraction into partial fraction ( ) Solution by using long division ) ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ ( ) 2. Proper rational function degree of ( ) degree of ( ) There are different cases for proper rational function.
Case I ( ) is a product of distinct linear factors ( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( ) Then, to this factor, assign the sum of the partial fractions: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) Example Transform the following fraction into partial fraction ( ) , and then find ∫ ( ) Solution Method 1 Solve by substitution ( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( ) Put Put ( ) ( ) ( ) Method 2 Solve by equating corresponding coefficients Coefficients of (1) Coefficients of (2) solving two equations, we get ∫ ( ( ) ( ) ) | | | |
Case II ( ) is a product of linear factors, some of which are repeated ( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( ) Then, to this factor, assign the sum of the partial fractions: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) Example Transform the following fraction into partial fraction ( ) ( ) ,and then find ∫ ( ) Solution ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) Put Put (1) Put (2) Substitute from equation (2) in equation (1) and ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ∫ ( ) ∫ ( ( ) ( ) ( ) ) | | ( ) ( )
Case III ( ) is irreducible quadratic factors and non-repeated ( ) ( ) ( ) Then, to this factor, the partial fraction is: ( ) ( ) Example Transform the following fraction into partial fraction ( ) ( )( ) , and then find ∫ ( ) Solution ( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( ) Put Put Put ( )( ) ( ) ( ) ∫ ( ( ) ) ∫ ( ( ) ) Split up the integral ∫ ( ( ) ) ∫ ( ) = ∫ ( ) ∫ ( ) ∫ ( ) |( )| ….(i)
and ∫ ( ) Substitute ∫ ( ) ∫ ( ) ….(ii) and ∫ ( ( ) ) | | …..(iii) add equations (i), (ii) and (iii) ∫ ( )( ) | ( ) | ( ) | | Remember Try to solve Transform the following fraction into partial fraction 1- 2- 3- 4- 5- ( ) 6- 7- 8- 9- ( ) 10- ( ) ( )
Partial Fractions
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