Lecture Note
Second order differential equations In this chapter we will be looking exclusively at linear second order differential equations (1) where are constants When , we call the differential equation homogeneous and when we call the differential equation nonhomogeneous . The general solution equals the sum of the homogeneous solution and the particular solution. I - The homogeneous solution (2) Let is a solution of equation (2), then and since This equation is typically called the characteristic equation . This characteristic equation is quadratic and so will have two roots and . The roots will have three possible forms. These are 1. Real and distinct roots The general solution is
2. Real and repeated roots , The general solution is 3. Complex root The general solution is Example 1 Solve the following differential equations 1- Solution The characteristic equation is real & distinct 2- Solution The characteristic equation is real& repeat
3- Solution The characteristic equation is complex 4- Solution The characteristic equation is √ √ Try to solve Solve the following differential equations 1- 2- 3- 4- 5-
II- The Particular solution In this section we will take a look at the first method that can be used to find a particular solution to a nonhomogeneous differential equation . 1- IF Example 2 Solve the following differential equations Solution The characteristic equation is real & distinct Suppose the particular solution is Then, compare with if there is a similar term, multiply by Get the first and second derivatives = Plugging into the differential equation given
From equations 1 & 2 2- IF Example 3 Solve the following differential equations Solution The characteristic equation is real & distinct Suppose the particular solution is Get the first and second derivatives Plugging into the differential equation given Compare the coefficient of Compare the coefficient of
from equations 1 & 2 3- IF or Example 4 Solve the following differential equations Solution The characteristic equation is real & distinct Suppose the particular solution is Get the first and second derivatives Plugging into the differential equation given Compare the coefficient of
Compare the coefficient of from equations 1 & 2 Try to solve Solve the following differential equations 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Applications of Linear Second Order Differential Equations
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