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CFA Program Level 1 | EconomicsPages
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2023
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CFA Level 1 - Economics Session 6 - Reading 26: Fiscal Policy-LOS a (Notes, Practice Questions, Sample Questions) 1. Michael Vincent and Elizabeth Matthews, economists at Macro Associates, conduct research into the effects of fiscal policy on theeconomy. Vincent states that government taxing decisions affectthe supply of labor. Matthews contends that government taxingdecisions affect potential GDP.Regarding their statements, Vincent and Matthews are:Vincent Matthews A) Correct Incorrect B) Correct Correct C) Incorrect Correct Explanation — Fiscal policy refers to the federal government’sdecisions regarding government spending and taxing. Income taxincreases cause after-tax wages to fall, dampening the incentiveto work. Consequently, workers will be less likely to work thesame number of hours as they did when their after-tax wages perhour were higher. As income taxes increase, the full-employmentsupply of labor (a key factor of production) decreases, whichcauses potential GDP to decrease. Therefore, government taxingdecisions affect both the supply of labor and potential GDP 2 . Edmund Jones, an economist, recommends that the federal government consider reducing its budget deficit during arecession by raising income taxes with no other fiscal policychanges. Jones’ income tax increase recommendation will mostlikely have the following effects on the supply of labor and onpotential GDP? Supply of labor Potential GDP
A) Increase Decrease B) Decrease Decrease C) Decrease Increase Explanation — Taxes dampen the incentive to work. An increasein income taxes causes after-tax wages per hour to fall.Consequently, workers will be less likely to work the samenumber of hours as they did when their after-tax wages per hourwere higher. As income taxes rise, the full-employment supply oflabor (a key factor of production) falls, which then causes thepotential GDP (intersection of the supply and demand for laborcurves) to fall 3. When potential real GDP is less than actual real GDP, the economy is most likely experiencing: A) inflation. B) recession.C) underemployment. Explanation — The economy is in an inflationary phase if actualreal GDP is greater than potential real GDP. When actual real GDPequals potential real GDP, the economy is said to be at fullemployment. The economy is in a recessionary phase if real GDPis less than potential GDP 4. Which of the following statements about the Laffer curve is most accurate? A) There is a tax rate above which further tax rate increases willdecrease tax revenue. B) As tax rates decrease, tax revenues decrease at a constant rate.C) As tax rates increase, tax revenues increase with a multipliereffect
Explanation — The Laffer curve represents the relation betweentax revenues and tax rates. The curve shows that initially, as taxrates increase, tax revenues increase at a decreasing rate. Atsome tax rate, revenues reach a maximum and any furtherincrease in the tax rate will reduce tax revenues. At higher rates,workers have less incentive to work and the decrease in laborsupplied outweighs the effects of the increase in the tax rate 5. The Laffer curve begins at: A) minimum tax revenues and ends at maximum theoretical taxrevenues. B) zero tax revenues and ends at zero tax revenues. C) zero tax revenues and ends at maximum theoretical taxrevenues Explanation — The Laffer curve begins at zero tax revenues (thetax rate is 0%, so no matter how much labor is supplied, the taxrevenue is zero) and ends at zero tax revenues (the tax rate is100%, so no labor will be supplied, and no tax revenue collected) 6. The idea behind the Laffer curve is that increases in tax rates do not increase tax revenues proportionately because they decreasethe: A) supply of labor. B) demand for labor.C) productivity of labor. Explanation — The Laffer curve is based on the concept thatincome tax rates affect potential GDP because of their influenceon the supply of labor. Hence, the name "supply-side" economics 7. The Laffer curve indicates that:
A) an increase in income tax rates will increase tax revenue.B) a decrease in sales tax rates could increase tax revenue. C) an increase in income tax rates may not increase tax revenue. Explanation — The Laffer curve suggests that an increase inincome tax rates will increase tax revenues up to a point, andthereafter increases in income tax rates will actually decrease taxrevenues. Conversely, a decrease in income tax rates maydecrease or increase overall tax revenues, depending upon theinitial level of income tax rates
CFA Level 1 - Economics Session 6 - Reading 26: Fiscal Policy-LOS a
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