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CFA Chartered Financial AnalystPages
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CFA Level 2 - Corporate Finance Session 8 - Reading 29 - Reading 30 (Practice Questions, Sample Questions) 1. Which of the following statements regarding how differentcapital structure theories impact managers’ capital structuredecisions is most accurate? According to:A) the static trade-off theory, debt will not be used if acompany is in a high corporate tax bracket. B) pecking order theory, issuing new debt is preferableto issuing new equity. C) MM’s propositions (assuming no taxes), companies have anoptimal level of debt financing.{Explanation: Pecking order theory is related to the signalsmanagement sends to investors through its financing choices.Financing choices follow a hierarchy based on visibility toinvestors with internally generated funds being the least visibleand most preferred, and issuing new equity as the most visibleand least preferred. Under static trade-off theory, higher taxbrackets result in greater tax savings from using debtfinancing. Under MM’s propositions (assuming no taxes), capitalstructure is irrelevant and there is no optimal level of debtfinancing.} 2. According to pecking order theory, which of the followinglists most accurately orders financing preferences from most toleast preferred? A) Retained earnings, debt financing, and raisingexternal equity. B) Debt financing, retained earnings, and raising externalequity.C) Retained earnings, raising external equity, and debtfinancing.{Explanation: Financing choices under pecking order theoryfollow a hierarchy based on visibility to investors with internally
generated capital being the most preferred, debt being the nextbest choice, and external equity being the least preferredfinancing option.} 3. Tad Bentley, CFA, is the chief financial officer (CFO) forIndustrial Inc., a manufacturer and distributor of cleaningsupplies designed for commercial applications. Industrial Inc.’scurrent target market spans the entire United States, andpossesses a large percentage of the national market. Seniormanagement has formulated a strategy for expansion intoEurope and Asia in the near future. The success of theexpansion plans lay in large part upon the firm’s ability to raiseadditional capital in the marketplace to finance the expansion.According to the preliminary time schedule for expansion intoEurope and Asia, funds would need to be made available to thefirm within the next eighteen to twenty four months.Bentley is in charge of the team that is evaluating all financingoptions available to Industrial Inc. to determine which methodwould minimize the firm’s weighted average cost of capital(WACC) while providing a capital structure that will maximizefirm value and that is attractive to outside investors. The firm isconsidering either issuing additional debt or issuing asecondary equity offering to finance the venture. The firm’starget capital structure will be utilized to determine what thespecific advantages and disadvantages associated with thedifferent methods of raising capital.Industrial currently has $450 million of shareholders’ equityoutstanding. The company also has $100 million of 10-yearnotes issued with 4 years remaining to maturity. IndustrialInc.’s current rating is Aa by Moody’s and AA by Standard andPoor’s (S&P). Bentley is aware that any financing strategy mustbe considered in light of the potential impact the decision couldhave upon the company’s current rating.Any new acquisition of capital will be carefully analyzed inrelation to Industrial Inc.’s current capital structure as well.
Bentley is familiar with the different theories of capitalstructure and intends to determine which one is mostapplicable to Industrial Inc.’s current situation. Industrial Inc. ispublicly traded on the New York Stock Exchange, and severalanalysts at large brokerage firms provide research on thestock. Bentley wants to ensure that the company’s approach toraising additional capital will be acceptable to analysts andinvestors alike.Top management of Industrial, Bentley included, collectivelyown a 20% equity stake in the firm, through either directpurchase of the stock or the receipt of executive stock options.This group is placing pressure on Bentley to recommend astrategy that would not significantly dilute their ownershipposition. Bentley realizes that he must recommend a strategythat will most effectively utilize the company’s assets and thatwill be in the best interest of all of the company’sstakeholders.Under a strict set of assumptions, Modigliani andMiller (MM) proposed a capital structure theory in 1958 inwhich Proposition I proves that:A) capital markets are perfectly competitive.B) the cost of debt is lower than the cost of equity, so a firmshould issue the maximum amount of debt before issuingequity. C) the value of a firm is unaffected by its capitalstructure. {Explanation: MM’s underlying assumptions are that capitalmarkets are perfectly competitive (no transaction costs) andthat investors have homogenous expectations with respect tocash flows. Under these two “perfect world” assumptions, thevalue of a firm is unaffected by its capital structure because thevalue of a firm’s assets will always be the same regardless ofits debt to equity ratio. (Study Session 8, LOS 29.a)}
Under MM’s Proposition II of their capital structure theory, willa firm that increases its use of debt most likely affect defaultrisk, cost of equity, or both?A) Increases both.B) Does not affect either. C) Increases only one. {Explanation: The increased use of debt has no impact onexpected default rates under MM, because it is assumed to berisk-free. The cost of equity does increase because the firm'sbusiness risk is concentrated on a smaller proportion of equityas leverage increases. (Study Session 8, LOS 29.a)} Bentley anticipates that whatever method of financing choice isutilized, it will be interpreted by investors as a signal of thefirm’s strategy and overall economic health. In accordance withthe pecking order theory, which of the following methods areleast likely and most likely to send “signals” to investors? LeastLikely Most LikelyA) External equity DebtB) External equity Internally generated equity C) Internally generated equity External equity {Explanation: Internally generated equity is the method leastvisible to investors, while external equity is the most visible.(Study Session 8, LOS 29.a)} Which of the following statements regarding the role of debtratings is least accurate? A) Any rating Ba (from Moody’s) or BB (from S&P) orhigher is considered to be “investment grade”. B) Historically, the difference in yield between an AAA-ratedbond and a BBB-rated bond has averaged 100 basis points.C) The lower the debt rating, the higher the level of default riskfor both shareholders and bondholders alike.
{Explanation: Bonds must be rated at least Baa (Moody’s) orBBB (S&P) to be considered investment grade. (Study Session8, LOS 29.c)} As a result of Industrial expanding its operations into Europeand Asia, Bentley anticipates an increase in foreign investors inthe firm. Which of the following statements regardinginternational differences in leverage is least accurate?A) Companies in Japan and France tend to have more debt intheir capital structure than firms in the U.S.B) Companies operating in countries that have activeinstitutional investors tend to have less financial leverage thanfirms in countries with less of an institutional presence. C) Companies in the U.S. tend to use shorter maturitydebt than companies in Japan. {Explanation: Debt levels vary by country. For example,companies in the U.S. tend to use longer maturity debt thancompanies in Japan. More generally, companies in developedcountries tend to use more debt with longer maturities thanfirms in emerging markets. (Study Session 8, LOS 29.e)} In any firm, managers who do not have a stake in the companydo not bear the costs of taking on too much or too little risk.The costs associated with the conflicts of interest betweenmanagers and owners are referred to as:A) bonding costs. B) agency costs of equity. C) monitoring costs.{Explanation: Monitoring costs and bonding costs arecomponents of the net agency cost of equity. (Study Session 8,LOS 29.a)} 4. According to pecking order theory, which financing choice ismost preferred, and which is least preferred? Most preferred Least preferred
A) Internally generatedfunds New equity B) New debt New equity C) Internally generated funds New debt {Explanation: Pecking order theory is related to the signalsmanagement sends to investors through its financing choices.Financing choices follow a hierarchy based on visibility toinvestors with internally generated funds being the least visibleand most preferred, and issuing new equity as the most visibleand least preferred.} 5. John Harrison is discussing the implications for Modiglianiand Miller (MM’s) propositions (assuming no corporate orpersonal taxes) for manager’s decisions regarding capitalstructure with his supervisor, Harriet Perry. In the conversation,Harrison makes the following statements:Statement 1: According to MM’s propositions, increasing theuse of cheaper debt financing will increase the cost of equityand the net change to the company’s weighted average cost ofcapital (WACC) will be zero.Statement 2: Since MM’s propositions assume that there are notaxes, equity is the preferred method of financing.What is the most appropriate response to Harrison’sstatements?A) Agree with both.B) Agree with neither. C) Agree with one only. {Explanation: Perry should agree with the first statement. MMasserts that the use of debt financing, although it is cheaperthan equity, will increase in the cost of equity, resulting in azero net change in the WACC. Perry should disagree with thesecond statement. Although MM’s propositions assume thatthere are no taxes, the conclusion is that the mix of debt and
equity financing is irrelevant and that there is no preferredmethod of financing.} 6. Global Development expects to earn $6 million next year.40% of this amount, or $2.4 million, has been allocated fordistribution to common shareholders. There are 2.4 millionshares outstanding, and the market price is $30 a share. IfGlobal uses the $2.4 million to repurchase shares at thecurrent price of $30 per share, its share price after therepurchase will be closest to:A) $29.00.B) $31.00. C) $30.00. {Explanation: Market value of equity before the repurchase is$30 × 2.4 million = $72 million.Shares Repurchased = $2.4 million / $30 = 80,000 shares.Shares remaining = Shares outstanding − Shares repurchased= 2,400,000 − 80,000 = 2,320,000.Share price after the repurchase = ($72 million − $2.4 million)/ 2,320,000 = $30.} 7. David Drakar and Leslie O’Rourke both own 100 shares ofstock in a German corporation that makes €1.00 per share inpre-tax income. The corporation pays out all of its income asdividends. Drakar is in the 30% individual tax bracket whileO’Rourke is in the 40% individual tax bracket. The tax rateapplicable to the corporation is 30%. Drakar and O’Rourke livein the United Kingdom, which uses an imputation tax systemfor corporate dividends. What is the effective tax rate on thedividend for each shareholder, assuming no effects from theexchange rate? Drakar O’Rourke A) 40% 48% B) 30% 40%
C) 38% 44% {Explanation: Under an imputation tax system, taxes are paidat the corporate level, but are attributed to the shareholder, sothat all taxes are effectively paid at the shareholder rate . } 8. Last year, Calfee Multimedia had earnings of $4.00 per shareand paid a dividend of $0.30. In the current year, the companyexpects to earn $5.20 per share. Calfee has a 30% targetpayout ratio. If the expected dividend for this year is $0.39,what time period is Calfee most likely using in order to bring itsdividend up to the target payout? A) 4 years. B) 8 years.C) 3 years.{Explanation: The formula to determine the expected dividendin a target payout approach is:Expected dividend = (previous dividend) + [(expected increasein EPS) × (target payout ratio) × (adjustment factor)], wherethe adjustment factor is 1 / number of years over which theadjustment will take place.Using the numbers given:$0.39 = $0.30 + [($5.20 - $4.00) × (0.30) × (1 / n)]$0.39 = $0.30 + [($1.20) × (0.30) × (1 / n)]$0.09 = $0.36 × (1 / n)0.25 = (1 / n)n = 4} 9. A company is all equity financed, has a capital budget of$2.0 million and earnings of $1.8 million. If the companyfollows a residual dividend policy, the amount it will pay out individends is closest to:A) $0.1 million.B) $0.2 million. C) $0.
{Explanation: In the residual dividend model, dividends arebased on earnings less funds the firm retains to finance theequity portion of its capital budget. The model is based on thefirm’s (1) investment opportunity schedule (IOS), (2) targetcapital structure, and (3) access to and cost of external capital.In this case, the capital budget exceeds earnings so there is noresidual.} 10. Under the residual dividend model, firms financed with100% equity would do all of the following EXCEPT:A) pay dividends only if more earnings are available thanneeded to support the optimal capital budget. B) borrow money to maintain the dividend payoutschedule. C) determine their optimal capital budgets.{Explanation: Under the residual dividend model the optimaldividend payout is a function of four factors: investors'preferences for dividends vs. capital gains, the firm’sinvestment opportunity schedule (IOS), the firm’s target capitalstructure, and the availability and cost of external capital to thefirm. The firm will pay dividends only if more earnings areavailable than are needed to support the optimal capitalbudget.} 11. Stargell Industries follows a strict residual dividend policy.The company has a capital budget of $3,000,000. It has atarget capital structure that consists of 30% debt and 70%equity. The company forecasts that its net income will be$3,500,000. What will be the company's expected dividendpayout ratio this year?A) 30%. B) 40%. C) 35%.{Explanation: In order to maintain the optimal capitalstructure, new projects will be financed with the same mix of
debt and equity. Therefore, if the capital budget is $3,000,000for next year the equity portion will be 70% of $3,000,000, or$2,100,000. The remainder will be financed with debt. If NetIncome is $3,500,000 then dividends will be $1,400,000.(Dividends = Net Income − equity portion of capital budget =$3,500,000 − $2,100,000). The dividend payout ratio is equalto dividends divided by net income. $1,400,000 / $3,500,000 =0.40 or 40%.} 12. Tina Donaldson is the Chief Financial Officer for OutbackSupply Corporation (OSC). OSC is considering revising itsdividend payout policy and Donaldson has been asked by theboard of directors to suggest alternatives for the board toconsider. Donaldson prepares a memo listing the benefits of aresidual dividend model. The memo includes three key points:Point 1: A residual dividend policy is simple for the company touse and easy to implement.Point 2: The residual dividend approach allows management todetermine investment opportunities without having to takedividends into consideration.Point 3: Because the firm is maximizing its positive net presentvalue opportunities with a residual dividend model, investorsare likely to perceive the firm as having less risk.Which of Donaldson’s points describing advantages of theresidual dividend approach are most accurate? A) Points 1 and 2 only. B) Point 2 only.C) Points 1, 2, and 3.{Explanation: The residual dividend approach is easy for acompany to use and implement – the company simply reinvestsearnings needed to maintain and grow the business, and paysout any left over earnings out as dividends. The residualdividend approach also allows management to determineinvestment opportunities without having to take dividends intoconsideration. Note that the residual dividend approach is likely
to lead to dividends that fluctuate dramatically from year toyear. Since investors prefer stable dividends, they are likely toperceive a firm following a residual dividend approach ashaving greater risk, which is one of the disadvantages of theapproach.} 13. The following financial data relates to the CarmichaelBeverage Company for 2005:The target capital structure is 65% equity and 35% debt.After-tax cost of debt is 7%.Cost of retained earnings is estimated to be 12%.Cost of equity is estimated to be 13.5% if the company issuesnew common stock.Net income is $4,000,000.Carmichael Beverage Company is considering the followinginvestment projects:Project A: $2,500,000 value; IRR of 11.50%Project B: $1,000,000 value; IRR of 13.00%Project C: $2,000,000 value; IRR of 9.50%Project D: $500,000 value; IRR of 10.50%Project E: $1,500,000 value; IRR of 8.00%If the company follows a residual dividend policy, its payoutratio will be closest to: A) 35%. B) 0%.C) 12%.{Explanation: First determine the WACC. WACC = wd × kd(1 −t) + we × ks, where ks is the required return on retainedearnings. WACC = (0.65)(0.12) + (0.35)(0.07) = 0.078 +0.0245 = 0.1025 = 10.25%. Second, decide to accept projectsA, B, and D since they are all greater than the WACC.Accepting these projects will result in a total capital budget of($2,500,000 + $1,000,000 + $500,000) = $4,000,000. Theequity portion is 65% × 4,000,000 = $2,600,000. FromCarmichael’s net income, $4,000,000 − $2,600,000 =
$1,400,000 will be left over for dividends, which implies apayout ratio of $1,400,000 / $4,000,000 = 35%.} 14. Hikaru Takei is the portfolio manager for the ReliantDividend Focused Fund. Takei wants to add a firm to hisportfolio that follows a stable dividend policy. Takei isconsidering investing in one of three companies:Kirk Beauty Supplies maintains a constant dividend payout of25 to 30%.Kelley Medical Devices increases its dividend each year inaccordance with the company’s long run growth rate of 4%.Barrett Satellite Systems has maintained a dividend of $2.00per share over the last 6 years.Which stock best meets Takei’s criteria?A) Barrett Satellite Systems. B) Kelley Medical Devices. C) Kirk Beauty Supplies.{Explanation: Due to inflation considerations, a company with astable dividend policy will have stability in the rate of increasefor its dividend each year. This typically means aligning thecompany’s dividend growth rate with its long-term growth rate.Although the company with the fixed per share dividend is atempting choice, once inflation is considered, a fixed $2.00 pershare dividend is actually declining each year in terms ofspending power.} 15. Which of the following statements regarding dividendpolicies is CORRECT? A) Companies using a longer-term residual dividendpolicy pay a steady dividend based on long-term forecastof their capital budget. B) A constant payout ratio approach is likely to result in a lowerrisk premium assigned to a company by investors.C) Companies following a dividend stability policy seek to pay aconstant dollar amount per share over a long period of time.
{Explanation: Companies following a longer-term residualdividend approach forecast their capital budget over a longertime frame (5–10 years). Leftover earnings over this period areallocated as dividends and paid out in relatively equal amountseach year. The other statements are incorrect. With a stabledividend policy, companies seek to increase their dividend eachyear at a constant rate. A constant payout approach meansthat dividends will vary in proportion with earnings, likelyresulting in volatile dividends and a higher risk premium.} 16. Which of the following dividend policies would a firm withlong-term excess cash flows most likely use? A sharerepurchase program:A) and no payout of dividends. B) in conjunction with a residual dividend model. C) and a growing dividend model.{Explanation: The residual dividend model allows firms to payout dividends only if more earnings are available than areneeded to support the optimal capital budget. Because dividendpayouts can be unstable, a firm can supplement a low, stabledividend with a share repurchase program or with an extradividend when times are good. Stock repurchases allowmanagement to distribute cash without signaling informationabout future earnings. Abnormally good years could befollowed with the purchase of shares, while selling shareswould provide liquidity during temporary cash shortages.} 17. Belden Engineering Corporation (BEC) is considering ashare repurchase program. David Gudzanski, the firm’sexecutive vice president prepares a memo to the board ofdirectors detailing reasons why a share repurchase would befavorable at this time. Reasons listed in the memo are asfollows:
Reason 1: The resulting capital structure from the sharerepurchase would be more favorable for investors in BEC’sbonds.Reason 2: BEC’s stock is currently selling at $37 in themarketplace. Our discounted cash flow analysis values thecompany at $48 per share.Reason 3: The share repurchase could be used to offset dilutioncaused by the exercise of employee stock options.Reason 4: BEC can use the repurchase to send a signal toinvestors that management has a positive future outlook forthe company.Reason 5: The share repurchase could be used to implement aresidual dividend policy while diminishing the potential increasein perceived risk that such a policy would cause for investors.Which of Gudzanki’s reasons in favor of the share repurchase ismost accurate?A) Reasons 2 and 3 only. B) Reasons 2, 3, 4, and 5. C) Reasons 1 and 3 only.{Explanation: A share repurchase would decrease thepercentage of equity in a firm’s capital structure, which wouldin turn increase the percentage of debt. An increase in debtwould add more leverage to the firm which would be negativefor the firm’s bondholders. The other reasons listed are allrationales for a share repurchase.} 18. Which of the following statements about a stock repurchaseis least accurate? \A) A stock repurchase occurs when a large block of stock isremoved from the marketplace. B) Disgruntled stockholders are forced to sell theirshares, improving management's position. C) Management can distribute cash to shareholders withoutsignaling about future earnings.
{Explanation: A repurchase gives stockholders a choice. Theycan sell or not sell.} 19. What is the impact on shareholder wealth of a sharerepurchase versus cash dividend of equal amount when the taxtreatment of the two alternatives is the same?A) A share repurchase will sometimes lead to higher totalshareholder wealth than a cash dividend of an equal amount. B) A share repurchase is equivalent to a cash dividend ofan equal amount, so total shareholder wealth will be thesame. C) A share repurchase will always lead to higher totalshareholder wealth than a cash dividend of an equal amount.{Explanation: Assuming that the tax treatment of a sharerepurchase and a cash dividend of equal amount is the same, ashare repurchase is equivalent to a cash dividend payment, andshareholder wealth will be the same.} 20. Which of the following statements about differencesobserved in payout trends in US and Europe is most accurate?A) A higher proportion of US companies pay dividends ascompared to their European counterparts. B) A lower proportion of US companies pay dividends ascompared to their European counterparts. C) The percentage of companies making stock repurchases hasbeen trending downwards both in the US and Europe.{Explanation: A lower proportion of US companies paydividends as compared to their European counterparts. Thepercentage of companies making stock repurchases has beentrending upwards in the US (since 1980s), the UK andcontinental Europe (since 1990s).} 21. Dan Bridges, head of equity strategies for Paca Inc. aconsultant to institutional investors makes the followingstatement:
Globally, the developed markets have seen a decline individend payout ratios over time. Lately, we have also seen anincrease in the proportion of companies engaging in sharerepurchases.Bridges’ statement is most likely:A) Incorrect as to dividend payout ratios.B) Incorrect as to companies engaging in share repurchases. C) Correct. {Explanation: Bridges’ statement is correct.} 22. Grommetco produces plastic insulators for the electricalappliance industry. Excerpts from Grommetco’s financial resultsfor 2010 are as follows: Net Income (earnings) $10 Free Cash Flow to Equity $8 Dividends Paid $1 Stock Repurchases $3 Which of the following statements is most accurate? Grommetco’s: A) dividend payout ratio is 0.4. B) FCFE coverage ratio is 2.0. C) dividend coverage ratio is 2.5. {Explanation: Dividend coverage ratio = Net Income /Dividends = $10 / $1 = 10.FCFE coverage ratio = FCFE / (dividends + share repurchases)= $8 / ($1 + $3) = 2.0.Dividend payout ratio = Dividends / Net Income = $1 / $10 =0.1.} 23. Dividend safety is most likely evidenced by:
A) Increase in dividend coverage ratio but not by FCFEcoverage ratio. B) Increase in dividend and FCFE coverage ratios C) Increase in FCFE coverage ratio but not be dividendcoverage ratio.{Explanation: Both dividend and FCFE coverage ratios areindicators of dividend safety. FCFE coverage is simply morecomprehensive measure and takes into account all cashdistributed to shareholders.} 24. Which of the following is most likely to be a symptom of acompany that is able to sustain its cash dividend?A) Issuing new debt to fund projects and cover capitalexpenditures.B) A high dividend payout ratio compared to the industryaverage. C) A low dividend yield compared to the company'shistoric average. {Explanation: High dividend yields compared to the company’srecord suggest that investors are expecting dividends to be cut.Net borrowings are not sustainable, and will eventually requirea cut in share repurchases and dividends. Ahigher-than-average dividend payout ratio creates the risk thatdividends may be cut if earnings decline}
Corporate Finance Session 8 - Reading 29 - Reading 30
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