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CFA InstituteCourse
CFA Chartered Financial AnalystPages
14
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2023
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CFA Level 2 - Economics Session 4 - Reading 14 (Practice Questions, Sample Questions) 1. Which of the following most completely identifies the institutions in aneconomy that are necessary for markets to be effective?A) Property rights and a supporting legal system. B) Property rights and monetary exchange. C) A legal system and a central banking system. Explanation: For markets to be effective, property rights and monetary exchange are required. If property rights are properly established andenforced, people will be assured that government will not confiscate theirsavings and investments. Monetary exchange provides for the efficientexchange of goods and services. 2. Which of the following is least likely to be considered as one of thethree social institutions that are critical to the development of anincentive system? A) A specific form of political organization. B) Markets.C) Property rights. Explanation: The three social institutions that are critical to the development of incentives are markets, property rights, and monetaryexchange. Collectively, these three social institutions create incentivesfor people to specialize and trade, save and invest, and discover newtechnologies. A specific form of political organization is not necessary foreconomic growth as communist and authoritarian countries haveexperienced economic growth. 3. Which of the following is least likely to be considered as one of thethree social institutions that are critical to the development of anincentive system? A) A specific form of political organization. B) Markets.C) Property rights.
The three social institutions that are critical to the development ofincentives are markets, property rights, and monetary exchange.Collectively, these three social institutions create incentives for people tospecialize and trade, save and invest, and discover new technologies. Aspecific form of political organization is not necessary for economicgrowth as communist and authoritarian countries have experiencedeconomic growth. Which of the following is least likely to be consideredas one of the three social institutions that are critical to the developmentof an incentive system? A) A specific form of political organization. B) Markets.C) Property rights. Explanation: The three social institutions that are critical to the development of incentives are markets, property rights, and monetaryexchange. Collectively, these three social institutions create incentivesfor people to specialize and trade, save and invest, and discover newtechnologies. A specific form of political organization is not necessary foreconomic growth as communist and authoritarian countries haveexperienced economic growth. 4. Economist Davey Jarvis is studying time series data from thenation-state of Northwestern Island. He has created the followingsummary chart on the average annual change in real GDP per capita: 1886-1905 estimated <1% 1906-1925 unknown 1926-1945 +0.9% 1946-1965 +1.1% 1966-1985 +4.2% 1986-2005 +2.3% Which of the following is most likely the source of the growth spurtbetween 1966 and 1985? A) Reduction in the federal budget deficit. B) Growth in physical capital.
C) Trade policy shift from import restrictions to tariffs. Explanation: The sources of economic growth are Aggregate Hours, Labor Productivity, Physical Capital Growth, Human Capital Growth,and Technological Advance. A trade policy shift to tariffs or a reductionin the federal budget deficit may or may not help real GDP growth. 5. Which of the following is a source of economic growth?A) Property Rights.B) Capricious Government. C) Technological Advance. Explanation: The sources of economic growth are Aggregate Hours, Labor Productivity, Physical Capital Growth, Human Capital Growth,and Technological Advance. Property Rights are a precondition, but nota source. 6. Bond analyst Davey Jarvis is writing an article on sources of economicgrowth for a monthly investment newsletter. He is least likely to includea discussion of:A) human capital growth. B) monetary exchange. C) aggregate hours. Explanation: The sources of economic growth are Aggregate Hours, Labor Productivity, Physical Capital Growth, Human Capital Growth,and Technological Advance. Monetary exchange is a precondition, butnot a source. 7. Consider the following three statements. Statement 1 Statement 2 Statement 3 A) Correct Incorrect Incorrect B) Correct Correct Correct C) Correct Correct Incorrect Explanation: Statement 3 is incorrect. It is the neoclassical theory of economic growth (not the classical theory) that contends that population
growth is a direct function of the opportunity cost for women enteringthe workplace. The other statements are correct. 8. Which of the following is the most basic precondition to economicgrowth?A) Property rights.B) Markets. C) An incentive system. Explanation: A suitable incentive system is the most basic precondition that must exist in order for a society to realize economicgrowth. The three social institutions that are critical to the developmentof incentives are markets, property rights, and monetary exchange.Collectively, these three social institutions create incentives for people tospecialize and trade, save and invest, and discover new technologies. 9. Assume that real GDP per labor hour grew by 6 percent over the past 5years while capital per labor hour grew by 5.25 percent. Based on the onethird rule, the amount of real GDP growth attributable to the increase incapital per labor hour and the amount attributable to technologicalchange are closest to: Increase in Capital Technological Change A) 2.00% 4.00% B) 0.75% 5.25% C) 1.75% 4.25% Explanation: According to the one third rule, capital has contributed one third of 5.25% toward the increase in real GDP per labor hour. So,the capital growth contribution to the increase in GDP is 1/3 × 5.25% =1.75%. The remaining 4.25% (= 6% – 1.75%) growth in real GDP perlabor hour is attributable to technological change. 10. Which of the following is the most accurate description of the onethird rule?A) One third of real GDP per labor hour is attributable to the level of newcapital per labor, holding technology constant.
B) A 1% increase in technology results in a one third of 1% increase inreal GDP per labor hour, holding capital per labor hour constant. C) A 1% increase in capital per labor hour results in a one thirdof 1% increase in real GDP per labor hour, holding technologyconstant. Explanation: The one third rule states that at a given level of technology, on average, a 1% increase in capital per labor hour results ina one third of 1% increase in real GDP per labor hour. 11. Assume that real GDP per labor hour grew by 7% over the past 5 yearswhile capital per labor hour grew by 4.5%. Using the one-third rule, anestimate of the amount of real GDP growth attributable to technologicalchange is closest to: A) 1.5% B) 2.33% C) 5.5% Explanation: Growth in real GDP = technology contribution + new capital contribution.1/3 Rule: New capital contribution to real GDP growth = 1/3(% change innew capital) Technology contribution = real GDP growth – new capital contribution = real GDP growth - 1/3(%change in new capital) = 7% - 1/3(4.5%) = 5.5% 12. Over a 10 year period, labor productivity increased from $10 perlabor hour to $10.60 per labor hour. Over the same period, theinvestment in new capital increased from $25 per labor hour to $25.50per labor hour. The contribution of technological advancement toeconomic growth over this period is closest to: A) 5.33% . B) 4.11%.C) 3.00%.
Explanation: According to the one third rule, at a given level of technology, a 1% increase in capital per labor hour results in a 1/3%increase in real GDP per labor hour. The percent change in capital perlabor hour is 2% = (25.50/25) – 1. The increase in productivity due to theincrease in capital per labor hour is 1/3 x 2.0% = 0.67%. The change ineconomic growth (GDP per labor hour) is 6% = (10.6/10) – 1. Theremainder of the increase in GDP per labor hour, 6% – 0.67% = 5.33%, isdue to technology change. 13. Assume that real gross domestic product (GDP) per labor hour grew7% over the past three years. Based on the one third rule, the amount ofreal GDP growth attributable to the change in new capital is 1.5%. Overthis period, the contribution of technological change to real GDP growthand the growth rate in new capital is closest to: Technology contribution Growth of new capital A) 6.5% 0.5% B) 5.5% 4.5% C) 1.8% 4.5% Explanation: Growth in real GDP = technologycontribution + new capital contribution. One Third Rule: New capitalcontribution to real GDP growth = (1/3)(% growth in new capital) So, 1.5% = (1/3)(growth in newcapital), or new capital growth = 4.5% = 1.5% / (1/3) Technology contribution = real GDP growth – new capitalcontribution = real GDP growth – 1.5% = 7% - 1.5 = 5.5%
14. Which of the following is NOT a typical property of productivitycurves? A) Growth in capital per labor hour causes an upward movement along productivity curves. B) Technological growth causes productivity curves to shift upward. C) The shape of productivity curves is affected by changes in population growth. Explanation: Productivity curves are a plot of labor productivity (y-axis) againstcapital per labor hour (x-axis) at a given state of technology. Propertiesof productivity curves include: -Productivity increases as capital per labor hour increases, at a given state of technology. Growth in capital per labor hour causes movements along a productivity curve. -Productivity increases as the state of technology increases at any given level of capital per labor hour. Technological growth causes the productivity curve to shift upward. -Productivity curves exhibit the law of diminishing returns 15. Brent Bates, CFA, is a portfolio manager for a large money management firm located in New York. Analysts at the firm, led byBates, have been following the development of the economic situation inMexico after the signing of NAFTA in 1994, which lifted certainrestrictions on investment in Mexico commerce by foreign firms. After aperiod of adjustment, the firm believed the Mexican market presentedopportunity for attractive investment returns. The firm has recentlypurchased a controlling interest in a commercial bank based in MexicoCity. One of the first measures to be taken by the firm is to diversify thebank’s portfolio through investments in Central and South America. Thefirm believes that Bates’ expertise in the analysis of the Mexicaneconomy will be beneficial is pursuing other Latin American investmentopportunities.
Bates has identified two potential investments, both of which he believeswill be in alignment with his firm’s investment criteria, and is ready topresent his recommendations to the firm’s managing directors. One ofBates’ recommended investment opportunities is a company located inCountry A, the largest country in South America, while the other isheadquartered in Country B, a smaller Central American nation.Knowing that the firm’s partners have limited knowledge of the nuancesof the Latin American economies, Bates decides to take a “macro”approach to his presentation by providing broad economic informationabout the current situations in the two countries.Bates begins with the company located in Country A, which is one of thelargest manufacturers of women’s shoes in South America. The country’seconomy has battled extremely high rates of inflation in the past. Overthe past decade, tough policies enacted by its government appear to havecontrolled inflation while at the same time allowed measurable growth inreal GDP. In the past ten years, Country A’s real GDP per labor hour hasincreased from $8.00 per labor hour to $8.64 in this time period. Overthe same time period, investment in new capital increased from $18.00per labor hour to $18.90 per labor hour.The company located in Country B has been operating in a muchdifferent economic climate than the first company. After a history of lowproductivity and a predominantly rural-based economy, the governmentof Country B has attempted to stimulate national productivity through aseries of policies designed to promote more industrial commerce.Country B has established a multi-part system of incentives to encourageeconomic growth. Formerly state-run enterprises are increasingly beingtransferred into private ownership. The government of Country B hasencouraged more foreign investment through less restrictive investmentregulations. Also, interest rates are being carefully managed throughaccommodating fiscal and monetary policies to encouragegrowth.According to the classical growth theory, Country A’s recentgrowth in real GDP:A) is a result of the recent decrease in interest rates, which intensifiedincentives to discover new production methods that increaseprofitability. B) will lead to an explosion in population growth that willeventually erase any gains in GDP per labor hour.
C) is directly attributable to a decreased opportunity cost for women toenter the workplace. Explanation: A key component of the classical growth theory is that growth in GDP is always temporary. When real GDP per capita risesabove a subsistence level, the population will grow, driving GDP percapita back down to its original level. (Study Session 4, LOS 14.d) In general, which of the following factors is credited with being thelargest contributor to a country’s sustained economic growth?A) Investment in new capital.B) Investment in human capital. C) Discovery of new technologies. Explanation: The discovery of new technologies has contributed more to sustained economic growth than investment in new capital orincreased investment in human capital. (Study Session 4, LOS 14.c) The amount of Country A’s increase in GDP per labor hour that can beattributed to the change in capital per labor hour is closest to: A) 1.67%. B) 3.33%.C) 2.50%. Explanation: According to the “one-third” rule, at a given level of technology, a one percent increase in capital per labor hour results in a1/3 of 1% increase in real GDP per labor hour. If capital labor per hourgrew by 5%, then the capital growth contribution to the increase in GDPis 1.67% (= 1/3 × 5%). (Study Session 4, LOS 14.b) If in the next year, Country A’s investment in new capital increases by anadditional $0.90 per labor hour, and the level of technology remainsunchanged, GDP per labor hour will increase:A) by the same amount as from the previous decade’s $0.90 increase ininvestment in new capital. B) and the increase will be less than the increase resultingfrom the previous decade’s $0.90 increase in investment innew capital. C) and the increase will be greater than the increase resulting from theprevious decade’s $0.90 increase in investment in new capital.
Explanation: In accordance with the law of diminishing returns, at a given level of technology, the increase in GDP per labor hour willdecrease as incremental capital per labor hour is added. (Study Session4, LOS 14.b) Country B has implemented policies to ensure that an adequate incentivesystem is in place to foster economic development in the country. Whichof the following are the three components necessary for a country toestablish such a system? A) Markets, property rights, and monetary exchange. B) Property rights, monetary exchange, and investment in humancapital.C) Markets, property rights, and investment in human capital. Explanation: The three most basic components necessary for a country’s economic growth are markets, property rights, and monetaryexchange. Markets allow for the exchange of information among buyersand sellers. Property rights give assurance that no entity can confiscatesavings and investments of a country’s citizens. Monetary exchangefacilitates the efficient exchange of goods and services. (Study Session 4,LOS 14.a) According to the basic principles of the new growth theory, thegovernment of Country B will succeed in fostering new economicdevelopment in their country through:A) an increase in capital accumulation.B) an increase in labor productivity. C) a decrease in real interest rates. Explanation: The new growth theory contends that the two main catalysts of growth are the creation of knowledge capital and lower realinterest rates. (Study Session 4, LOS 14.d) 16. Which of the following is most accurate regarding labor productivitycurves? Growth in capital per labor hour causes:A) productivity curves to shift; technological growth causes movementalong productivity curves. B) movements along a productivity curve; technologicalgrowth causes productivity curves to shift. C) and technological growth cause productivity curves to shift.
Explanation: The productivity curve results when labor productivity (real gross domestic product (GDP) per labor hour) is plotted againstcapital per labor hour at a given state of technology. A productivity curveshows how real GDP per labor hour changes as capital per labor hourchanges. Growth in capital per labor hour causes movements along aproductivity curve. Technological growth causes productivity curves toshift. 17. Labor productivity may be decomposed into which of the followingtwo factors? A) Growth in physical capital per labor hour and technologicalchange. B) Growth in both physical capital and human capital per labor hour.C) Growth in physical capital per labor hour and growth in real interestrates. Explanation: Changes in the growth rate of labor productivity may be decomposed into two components: (1) the growth in physical capital perlabor hour, and (2) technological change. The one third rule is useful inthis decomposition. 18. Which of the following is least likely to be observed when examininga labor productivity curve? A) The rate of change in technology as labor increases. B) The change in real GDP per labor hour as capital per hour changes,holding technology constant.C) The change in real GDP per labor hour as technology changes, holdingcapital per labor hour constant. Explanation: Labor productivity curves show: (1) the change if real GDP per labor hour as capital per labor hour changes, at a given state oftechnology, and (2) the change in real GDP per labor hour increases asthe state of technology changes, at a given level of capital per labor hour.There is no way to directly observe the rate of change in technology froma labor productivity curve. 19. Which of the following is least likely to be considered necessary tosustain long-term economic growth?A) Investment in human capital. B) Positive population growth.
C) Discovery of new technologies. Explanation: For economic growth to continue over the long term, societies must have incentives that encourage the pursuit of savings andinvestment in new capital, investment in human capital, and discovery ofnew technologies. 20. Technological progress is most extensively applied to which of thefollowing?A) The developments in human capital. B) Improvements in the productivity of physical capital. C) The creation of investment opportunities and savings incentives. Explanation: While the most all-encompassing and powerful technologies are the development of human capital (written and spokenlanguage, science, and mathematics) most technological progressinvolves improvements in the productivity of physical capital. 21. Which of the following activities provides the least significantcontribution to economic growth?A) Discovery of new technologies. B) Increased consumer spending. C) Savings and investment in new capital. Explanation: Three activities are necessary to result in persistent economic growth:1.Savings and investment in new capital increase labor productivity,which is defined as real GDP per labor hour. Saving and investment innew capital increases the level of capital per worker.2.Investment in human capital is the investment in people’s skills andknowledge, leading to productivity improvements and technologicaladvances.3.Discovery of new technologies contributes to sustained economicgrowth by making human capital and physical capital more productive. 22. The new growth theory contends that economic growth is a functionof which of the following two economic variables?A) The subsistence real wage and real interest rates.B) Real interest rates and technological change. C) The creation of knowledge capital and real interest rates.
Explanation: The new growth theory holds that productivity growth is a function of society’s ability to discover new products and methods (i.e.,the creation of knowledge capital), and real interest rates. 23. Which of the following concepts is uniquely associated with the newtheory of economic growth?A) Increased spending on health care and population growth.B) Real gross domestic product (GDP) growth based on investment innew capital and technological change. C) No diminishing returns to knowledge capital. Explanation: Knowledge capital is a special type of public good because it is not subject to the law of diminishing returns. This is a keyelement of new growth theory. The implication is that, unlike theclassical or neoclassical growth theories, economic growth is not limited. 24. Which of the following concepts is uniquely associated with theneoclassical theory of economic growth? A) Opportunity cost of having children. B) No diminishing returns to knowledge capital.C) Real GDP growth. Explanation: Neoclassical economists argue that the most important economic influence on population growth is the opportunity cost towomen for entering the workplace. As real wages for women rise andtheir job opportunities expand, the opportunity cost of staying home andraising children increases. As the opportunity cost of having childrenincreases, birth rates decline, and population growth slows. 25. While having lunch with a group of friends, Francine Lenser, CFA,was overheard saying the following: “The recent boom in technologicaladvances should keep the economy growing. Whenever the economyslows, someone will come along with a bold new idea that kick-starts it.”Lenser’s statement most accurately reflects the:A) exogenous growth theory. B) new growth theory. C) neoclassical growth theory. Explanation: Lenser’s statement is a decent layman’s description of the new growth theory, also known as the endogenous growth theory. This
theory argues that economic growth can continue indefinitely as long astechnological advances are made.
CFA Level 2 - Economics Session 4 - Reading 14
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