Lecture Note
IGCSE Development of dictatorship: Germany, 1918-45 IGCSE History: the establishment of the Weimar Republic and earlyproblems The German Revolution [1918] ● Situation by August 1918 ○ Germans being starved out of the war by Britishblockades ○ July: the Spring Offensive had failed, and a counter attackby the Allies brought them to the brink of defeat ○ August: Public suffering increased by an influenzasweeping through Europe * 29 th Oct: German sailors refuse to set sail -> Influenced by the Russian revolutions in 1917 -> German revolution begins Nov 4 th : 40,000 join, setting up a worker and soldier s’ council, who take over the dockyard Revolutions across Germany Nov 7 th : thousands, led by Kurt Eisner, march into Bavaria’s state capital Local ruler flees Workers and peasants’ council set up Bavaria declared a people’s state
Other parts of Germany – monarchy fled Nov 9 th : Germany nears defeat in war. The Allies call for the Kaiser to leave Nov 10 th : Kaiser abdicates The largest political party, the Social Democrats (SDP), form a newgovernment Chancellor: Friedrich Ebert 11pm, Nov 11 th : Armistice. Germany withdraws from al land conquered The Weimar Republic [1918-33] Feb 1919 set up in the town of Weimar, because of social unrest inBerlin How it was set up: Council of People’s Representatives – temporary government formedby six social democrats Organized elections for a national assembly Aug 1919 drew up a new constitution Terms of the new constitution Local government run by the 18 regions of Germany, with localparliaments Central government given more power than before Reichstag: dominating house in parliament
● Members elected every 4 years Proportional representation: political parties given Reichstag seats inaccordance to the percentage of votes received Laws could only be passed with two thirds of votes in favor from theReichstag Chancellor: head of the government Chose ministers and ran the country Appointed by president Needed majority support from the Reichstag to pass laws President: elected every seven years Did not take part in political activity Was a powerful figure Could dismiss Reichstag and call new elections Article 48 enabled the president to suspend constitution and passlaws by decree Strengths Weaknesses Germany became moredemocratic – all had the rightto vote In 1919 the Republic had manyenemies. It was not wise to give
equal rights to those whowanted to destroy it PR meant political parties gotthe Reichstag seats they earnedaccording to votes – this wasfair PR meant that there were manysmall parties, who had to formuncooperative coalitions –unstable and indecisivegovernment Strong president necessary tokeep control of the Reichstagand protect the country incrises The president had too muchpower and Article 48 effectivelymade him a dictator It was right that each stateshould have control over itsown affairs The states could be hostile andtry to overthrow thegovernment Power balanced between theChancellor and President sothat no single person had all power This made decisions difficult tomake in times of crises Treaty of Versailles [June 1919] Terms: Germany to make £6600 million in reparations
Lose all 11African colonies Armed forces restricted to 100,000 men Germany to lose land to France, Belgium, Denmark, and Poland How did it affect the Weimar Republic? Many felt betrayed by the government They believed Germany could have continued to fight, had they notbeen ‘stabbed in the back’ by the ‘November criminals’ who signedthe treaty Political problems [1918-23] The start of the Weimar Republic was marked by political unrestbecause of extremist left and right wing political groups Right wing (Fascists, Capitalists, Nazis) Want to keep society stable Strong government dominated by powerful leaders Importance of family unit, law, order, and traditional values Nationalist: placing interests of the nation over the individual Left wing (socialists, communists) Want to change society Brotherhood – all are equal, workers given political power
Nationalize private businesses ands put these in the hands ofworkers Internationalist – stress on cooperation of nations Wanted: ● A revolution like the 1917 Russian revolution ● Empower workers more than the Weimar Republic ● Government by councils of workers or soldiers ● Abolish land-owning powers and the army What the Germans were dissatisfied with: The Weimar leaders’ decision to admit defeat in 1918 The Treaty of Versailles Unemployment and inflation Social hardship in Germany persuaded many to support extremistgroups; The workers supported the left wing (who would empower workers) The army, business class, and land owners supported the right wing(because the left wing would abolish the army and any privatebusinesses) This all led to violent political unrest Political parties had private armies ● Left wing: Red Front Fighters ● Right wing: the Steel Helmets
1919-22 376 political murders (mostly of left-wing and moderatepoliticians) The Spartacist Uprising (left-wing movement), winter 1918-19 Led by Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht left wing movements set up local councils, with a Central Council ofCommissars claiming to be the true government 100,000 Communists demonstrated in Berlin, taking over keybuildings The army was unable to crush the rebellion Weimar Republic forced to seek help from 250,000 Freikorps Violent anti-communists Demobilized ex-servicemen who had refused to return arms The movement was crushed Thousands of supporters arrested or killed Luxemburg and Liebknecht both murdered The Kapp Pustch (right-wing revolt), March 1920 5000 right-wing supporters march to Berlin to bring back the Kaiser The rebels took control of the city and the government fled Workers, who were left-wing supporters, went on strike and haltedessential services Kapp realized he could not govern and fled
The Munich Pustch (right-wing movement), Nov 1923 Unrest subsides, 1923 Stresemann became Chancellor and inflation was brought undercontrol The WR, however, was permanently weakened: ● Now relied on the violence of the Freikorps and the workers’strikes to keep control ● Extremist parties gathered strength, had private armies, andbelieved they could win through military strength Economic Problems [1918-23] WR was bankrupt – all gold spent on war Treaty of Versailles deprived Germany of wealth-earning areas, e.g.coalfields in Silesia Unable to pay reparations France refused reductions of reparations, as they needed to pay wardebts to the USA 1923 Germany no longer able to pay Occupation of the Ruhr, Jan 1923 In retaliation to Germany being unable to pay reparations, the Frenchsent troops into the German industrial area of Ruhr
Confiscated raw materials, manufactured goods, and industrialmachinery The government urged passive resistance, but the French arrestedthem and sent in their own workers Germans resented the French and also the failure of the WeimarRepublic to resist (though they had no choice) 80% of German coal and iron based in the Ruhr – disruptionincreased debts, unemployment, and shortage of goods Hyperinflation, 1923 Shortages à inflation Government needed money to pay taxes, however ● Unemployment ● Failing factories ● This meant they received less from taxes 1919-23 government income only 25% of what was required Government printed more money 1923 300 paper mills and 2000 printing shops to print money Made inflation even worse ● More money printed every time prices rose ● 1923 a loaf of bread went from being 1 mark in 1919 to 100,000million marks ● Hyperinflation Some benefited from the hyperinflation:
● Farmers benefited from rising food prices, though they also hadto pay higher prices for other goods ● Some businesses were able to pay off loans, as the loans lostreal value. Others were able to buy up smaller, failingbusinesses very cheaply ● Borrowers returned money of less real value Most suffered: ● Shortages – German money became worthless and foreignsuppliers refused to trade ● Difficult to buy necessities – people had to transport money inwheelbarrows because inflation was so rapid that their wagescould not keep up with soaring prices ● Pensions and life savings all lost because they were madeworthless ● Middle class hardest hit * Sept 1923 Stresemann appointed Chancellor ~ Cancelled the old mark and issued the Retenmark ~ Period of stability ~ Middle class now blamed the Weimar Republic rather than being the basis of support
IGCSE Development of dictatorship: Germany, 1918-45
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