Implicit Learning and Motor Skill Acquisition

Implicit   Learning   and   Motor   SkillAcquisition Implicit   Learning:   Acquiring Knowledge Unconsciously  Understanding   Implicit Learning  Implicit   learning   involvesacquiring   knowledge unintentionally,   withoutawareness  of  the  learningprocess.  In   contrast   to   explicitknowledge   acquisition,implicit   learning   lacksconscious awareness.  Examples   include language   acquisition   inchildren   and   learningsoccer   skills   "on   thestreet." Side   Story:   Implicit   Learning   ofAction Sequences  Implicit   Learning   of   ActionSequences  Complex action sequencescan be acquired implicitly.  The   serial-reaction-time(SRT) task is used to testimplicit learning.  Participants   respond   tostimuli with keystrokes.  Associations   between sequence   elements   are formed   (chunking)   withoutconscious awareness.  Shorter   SRTs   indicatefaster   execution   of   theentire action sequence.  Replacement   of   thelearned   sequence   with   anew one leads to a rise inSRT,   showing   that   thewhole   action   sequencewas learned implicitly. Cognitive Models of Learning  Cognitive   Models   of   EarlyLearning Phases  Cognitive   models   suggestearly   learning   phases   relyon   limited   informationprocessing   resources (e.g., working memory).  Spatially   coded representations   are transformed   into   motorcommands.  Working   memory- independentrepresentations   (e.g., motor   programs)   developfor later motor skill control. Designing   Teaching   and   LearningProcesses in Sports  Learning Processes in Sports  Learning   in   sports   coversmotor skill acquisition, rule

knowledge,   and   tacticalunderstanding.  Focus   on   motor   learningprocesses   for   acquiringmotor skills. Learning Phases and Motor LearningProcesses  Motor Learning Processes andPhases  Motor   learning   processesinvolve   changes   inmemory relevant for motorcontrol.  Representations change interms   of   behavioralcompetence,   coding, neural   substrates,   andmode of control.  Early   and   late   learningphases   are   characterizedby   different   neural substrates   and   controlmodes.  Dual-task   costs   decreaseas learning progresses.