Answer Key
University
Birmingham City UniversityCourse
Law and PracricePages
9
Academic year
2023
younes bellechgar
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Property Law Week 1 – Basics Lex Rei Sitae The law where the property is situated Property law Legal relations between a subject and a substantial group of other subjects regarding an object Characteristics of property law Erga OmnesDroit de suiteEnforceable immediately Personal rights Inviolable rights between inter parties Absolute rights Rights inviolable against everyone (Erga Omnes) Contract v Property Rights contract: personal rightsProperty: erga omnes Ground Rules of Property Law 1) Nemo Dat Rule: one cannot transfer more than one has 2) Prior Tempore Rule: older property rights have priority over younger ones 3) Accessority Rule: existence of security rights depends on an existing underlying debt 4) Limited rights priority over fuller rights 2 main principles Principle of Numerus Clausus:Concept that limits the number of types of right that the courts will acknowledge as having the characterof property. Principle of Transparency:Specificity and publicity (possession, registration…) Claim An assertion that one is entitled to, or perceived or actual right to receive, money or property Revindication (Rei Vindicatio) The right of the owner to assert his right of ownership and to claim the return of the object from any third party who holds the object without sufficient entitlement (requires proof of ownership) Ownership Absolute property right that provides legal entitlement to a person with regard to a specific asset/object (title = entitlement in common law) Possession v Detentorship Possession: factual control between a person and an object on behalf of themselves (possession usually = ownership)Detentorship: exercises factual control over a good but not on behalf of himself, recognizing the right of the owner Droit de suite The right follows the object (creditor can claim assetregardless of whose hands they are in)Rights that rest on land are droit de suite Droit de preference Property rights are superior to personal rights (also gives creditor the right to be paid in preference to
other creditors if the asset were to be sold) How do property rights get destroyed? - Ceases to exist - By prescription - By accession NL DE FR UK Claims Limited to corporeal objects (cannot own rights or claims, only objects)3:2, 5:1 BW Limited to corporeal objectsp. 90p.903 BGB Corporeal and incorporealArt. 544 CC Revindication Self helpPossessory claimp. 984 BGB Possessory claim(immovables)Art. 549, 1653 CC Land: self-help; ordered from the courtGoods: protectedthrough torts Possession v Detention 3:107 BW p. 854(1) BGBBroad definition, possession for one self and possession for another Art. 2255 Possession, no article for detentionArt. 2266 no ownership acquired through possession Week 2 – Property Law over the years Estate - Relationship between Lord and tenant - Everything that one owns The effect of the French Revolution on property law and on the right of ownership - Expression of equality and liberty - Abolished the feudal system - Period of uncertainty before the creation of aunitary system - Unitary system created = fragmentation abolished - Absolute property rights created (erga omnes) Fragmented system Two people can claim property rights over the same property (two different rights) Unitary system One owner, erga omnes absolute right Duplex Dominium Consists of Dominium Directum an Dominium Utile Dominium DIrectum Property rights that owner (usually the Lord) of the land has – possess claim on labour and harvests of the land Dominium Utile Property rights of the vassals – the right to use the land and work on it Nemo Dat rule One cannot transfer more rights than what he has Prior in Tempore The older property right has precedence over
younger ones Accessority rule The existence of the security rights depends upon existence of an underlying debt (no loan, no security) Week 3 – Transfer Consensual Consensus about the contract is enough to pass ownership, delivery of the asset is not required Traditio Transfer of possession is required for ownership to pass: a separate legal act is needed, known as ‘real agreement’ Causal Contract must be valid in order to pass ownership, if the contract is void then the transfer must be reverted Abstract Act of transfer is independent of the validity of the contract. However, this is reverted if leads to unjustified enrichment of the buyer Negative v Positive rights Negative: right to let something happenPositive: right to actively do something Negative v Positive registry Negative: does not provide all the information, certain facts are not registered (consists of formalities) civil servant Positive: State guarantees correctness of the registry, legal status of land is always noted, with minor exceptions (consists of more details) state is liable Civil law land transfer Buyer and seller 1 notary deed (+ contract of sale for DE and NL) land registry Updated by registrar deeds found in archives Common law land transfer Buyer and seller 1 solicitor per person deed + contract of sale land registry updates in the register, deeds in the archive Acquisitive prescription - Method of acquiring property by meeting statutory requirements of continuous possession. Possession must be in the role of an owner, public, peaceful and uninterrupted. Ownership acquired after a certain period of time (depending on good/bad faith)- Detentorship does not lead to acquisitive prescription Extinctive prescription Extinction of a right/claim due to time lapse. Priority notice Lodged against a Certificate of Title or Crown Lease to reserve priority for a pending
transaction that will affect that land. Leasehold Lease from the freeholder (sometimes called landlord) to use the land for a number of years. Usually long term (from 40 to 999 years or more)- Contractual in Civil Law (sale does not breakthe lease) - Property right under common law NL DE FR UK Consensual v Traditio Traditio Traditio (§873(2) BGB) Consensual (art. 1196 CC, 1583 for sales) Causal v Abstract Causal Abstract Causal Mixed (C-goods) (T-immovables) Registry Positive Negative Positive Access to registry Legitimate interest Interested parties Open to public Transfer of ownership Movables: 3:89 BWImmovables: 3:90 BW §873, 925 BGB Acquisitive Prescription FR NL DE 2258 CC2261 CC 10y – Good Faith30y – Bad Faith2272 CC (immovables) 2266 CC – detentorship isnot included 3:118 BW (good faith)Possession for own benefit 3:107 BW 10y – Good Faith (3:99 BW)20y – Bad Faith (3:306 BW) Unequivocal (owner knows and does nothing about it) §900 (immovables)1) Possession own benefit 2) 30y3) Register before §937 (movables)1) 10y2) Possession3) Good faith UK Pye case adverse possession Factual possession (for own benefit)Visibility (unequivocal)
10y after agreement ends (no difference good/bad faith) Week 4 – Limited Property Rights LPR Property rights with real effect derived from a right of ownership of a movable or immovable thing.Subtraction model: usus, fructus, abusus. Property right created by subtraction from ownership of usus and fructus (FR, NL, UK [land law])Limitation model: ownership remains and usus and fructus are replicated (DE). Unitary concept Servitude Right of some benefit, of beneficiary use, in, on, or above the land owned by another.RIGHT RESTS ON THE LANDRequirements:1) Dominant (burden of the right on this land) and servient land (tolerating the act) 2) No positive rights (except if it arises from a negative right)3) Dominant land must benefitTransfer of land = transfer of servitudeLegal servitude (FR) Usufruct Right of an individual to use and enjoy property of another for their benefit, provided its substance isn’t impaired nor alteredRIGHT RESTS ON THE PERSON (right dies when the person dies)Both movables and immovables Emphyteusis Agreement between an owner and a lessee for the use and enjoyment of a specific piece of land/property for a long period of time (long lease)Owner: cannot use/enjoy, has the right to transfer ownershipProperty right, not contractualErga omnes, transferable Immovables only RIGHT RESTS ON LAND Superficies Enabling a superficiary to acquire for himself buildings/construction in, on, or above immovables owned by someone else Right of Path (Neighbourlaw) NOT PROPERTY: limitation on the right of the power of an owner, forced by law, to tolerate neighbours enter his land.LEGAL SERVITUTE in FR (property right)Right of way NL and DE in civil codesRequirements: must be landlocked, no access to road without crossing neighbours land, must be a natural limitation Easement (UK) Ellen-borough Park case
1) Dominant and Servient tenement 2) 2 owners involved3) Dominant land benefits from servient land4) Transparency principle (content of the right must be certain)5) No positive obligation on the servient land6) Right must be capable of forming the subject matter of a grant Restrictive covenant Restriction on the covenantor not to do something specified.Burden runs with the land (successive owners are bound by the restriction)Equitable property right, Negative obligation, can never lead to easement.RESTS ON THE LANDCannot be ambiguous Tulk case FR (CC) DE (BGB) NL (BW) Ownership 544 903 (indivisible) 5:1 Servitude 637, 6862 lands, dom. Mustbenefit, negative duties 1018-“- 5:70Deed of creation Right to path “Legal Servitude”649, 650, 682 binds 3 rd parties 917 (not LPR neighbours’ law 5:57-“- Usufruct 578Quasi-usufruct: 587 1030: of objects1060: of rightsReal burdens: 1105 3:201: on the personDuty to draft an inventory: 3:216 Use/Habitation 625 1113 (right of hypothec) 3:226 Emphyteusis 451-1 Code Rural (max 99 years) Special rights: option to purchase1094 5:85(perpetual) Superficies 522Entails right to path Very restricted (German view on ownership) 5:101 Week 5 – Security Rights Paritas creditorum All claims are equal, and all creditors have the same rightsDistributed between creditors equally Exceptions 1) Some creditors are entitled to specific property with priority over others 2) State and social security entities have priorities3) Privileged creditors can take first Personal - Contractual and inviolable between inter parties
security - Suretyship, guarantee Real security Right on a specific object, Erga Omnes Accessority and Non-Accessority Accessority : Security right extinguished when the debt is paid. Non-Accessority: Security right remains in place even after the underlying debt has been paid (DE: Grundschuld) Suretyship One who promises to pay or perform an obligation owed by the principal debtor Guarantee A legal commitment to repay a debt if the original borrower fails to do so.Not enforceable unless it is in writing Pledge Bailment that conveys possessory title to property owned by a debtor to a creditor to secure payment for some debt or obligation Possessory: possession is given to the creditor (publicity) Non-Possessory: no possession provided to the creditor (symbolic possession by contract pledgor still able to use the object Floating and Fixed charges (UK) Security right that covers most or all present and future assets (usually of a business), but does not attach the assets until a certain event happens (liquidation, bankruptcy etc.), in which case floating becomes a fixed charge Transfer of ownership (for security purposes) Transfer of ownership as a security asset returned when debt is paidNL: not allowed officially. However, sogelease case, allowed in a sale-and-leaseback operation (actual transfer is allowed). Minor exception Hypothec (LPR) Secondary security right (LPR)ImmovablesA right given by the debtor to the creditor to ensure that an obligation will be respected. Debtor the owner of the property.1) Must be registered via deed2) Specificity3) Immovables (NL: also planes, boats etc.)4) Accessory nature5) Non-possessory Chattel Mortgage Mortgagor transfers to the secured creditor his entire title , that when the debt is repaid will be retransferred.Written + registered Retention of Title Reverse ownership in the assets to the seller until the price is paid in full, notwithstanding that the assets are delivered to the buyer. General Characteristics of Security Rights 1) Specificity2) Publicity3) Accessory nature (exceptions: Grundschuld)4) Prohibition of unjustified enrichment (when debtor is in default) 5) Prohibition of oversecuritisation (moment of creation of
security right) SR on movables NL (BW) DE (BGB) FR (CC) UK Pledge Both3:227, 3:236(1), 3:237, 3:248 Possessory only§1204-05§1228-9(non-p. in case of extremely valuables) Both2333 (p)2337 (non-p) Floating – fixed charges Transfer of Ownership NOFiducia Ban3:84(3) (prohibits it) YES§930 Only banking and financial transactions313-23( ) Retention of Title(ownership remains with the seller) 3:92Retention of ownership- Consensus 449- Consensus 2367, 2368Written document s. 17-19 SGANo formal requirements Right of retention(possession with the seller) 3:2903:291 §273 2286L624-14 Commercial Code Lien: 41-43 SGA SR on immovables NL DE FR UK Hypothec 3:2273:260.1 1113-1114873Grundschuld:1190,1192,1199 2393, 23972416, 2419, 2420 Charge of Land:Law of Property Act 1925s. 101
Essentials of Property Law: Concepts, Rights, Transfers, and Security
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