Lecture Note
p {margin: 0; padding: 0;} .ft00{font-size:24px;font-family:Georgia;color:#000000;} .ft01{font-size:19px;font-family:Georgia;color:#000000;} .ft02{font-size:19px;line-height:25px;font-family:Georgia;color:#000000;} The Evolution of Money The Evolution of Money Money can be described as a central to human civilization for thousands of years.Evidence suggests early forms of money emerged independently across ancientcivilizations as expanding economies required a more flexible medium ofexchange than barter. Ancient money took various forms including commoditieslike cattle, shells or metals weighed out as a unit of value (Davies, 2002). Coinswere first minted in Lydia around 700-600 BCE, enabling standardized valuationand easing trade (Cook, 1958). Adoption spread as coinage was a usefulinnovation for growing empires like Greece and Rome in equipping armies andadministering colonies (Jevons, 1875). The Middle Ages saw a regression to less centralized money as coinage wasdebased. But the rise of commerce again increased demand for an impersonal,widely accepted medium of exchange (Spufford, 1988). Banknotes developed inmedieval China as receipts for precious metal deposits. By the 17th and 18thcenturies, paper money and fractional reserve banking were spreading throughEurope (Quinn & Roberds, 2007). The 19th century brought important shifts as governments asserted greatercontrol over currency issuance, money supplies, and monetary policy (Helleiner,2003). So by the mid 20th century, most currencies were fiat money with valuesregulated but not directly tied to gold or silver reserves (Eichengreen, 2008). In the postwar period, deregulation and technological advances enabled anexplosion of new financial instruments and practices (Strange, 1986). Electronicbanking, digital currencies like Bitcoin, and shadow banking illustrate money’songoing evolution in fueling modern capitalism (Cooper, 2015). Critics arguespeculative finance has become detached from money’s fundamental purpose offacilitating exchange (Ingham, 2004). In short, money has transformed from ancient stores of intrinsic value like cattleor coins to today's sophisticated intangible electronic funds that reflect complexcredit cycles.
Economic Class Note - The Evolution of Money
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